Just Because You Don't Like Something Online, Doesn't Mean We Should Blame Third Parties
from the thinking-through-the-liability dept
Last Thursday and Friday were a pair of very interesting conferences about secondary liability in the Bay Area. On Thursday, there was a one day event all about secondary liability, and on Friday there was the (already mentioned) one day symposium all about Section 230 (which is a law having to do with secondary liability) put on by the High Tech Law Institute at Santa Clara University. This is a big and important topic -- even if it may sound boring if you don't follow specific legal issues. As multiple people pointed out at both events, having strong protections against secondary liability are a large part of what allowed the internet to become so successful. Without these kinds of protections, the simple risk of running an internet company would be quite high, and would certainly limit much of what we see online.However, not everyone appreciates the reasoning behind secondary liability protections, and a trio of (separate) speakers at Friday's event all focused on their own reasons for disagreeing with the basic premise behind Section 230, with two of them even suggesting that the law should be changed. What troubled me was that I think all three were confusing and conflating different ideas, and doing so in a way that puts some basic First Amendment principles at risk.
Ken Zeran
The first was Ken Zeran, who is famous for his role in Zeran vs. AOL -- the seminal lawsuit that more or less helped define the protections offered by Section 230 of the CDA. Zeran, an artist and a journalist, sued AOL after he was subject to a series of bullying attacks via AOL. Basically, someone anonymously posted some offensive comments (basically speaking out in support of Timothy McVeigh and the Oklahoma City bombings) and included Zeran's phone number. After asking AOL to remove the posts, and having more posts come back, Zeran sued AOL for negligence in failing to remove all such comments. He eventually lost the case, as the court found that AOL, as a third party, was clearly protected under Section 230.
Zeran speaking was a big deal, because for almost fifteen years, he has refused to speak out about the case, turning down all media requests. In fact, he noted that he initially turned down Eric Goldman, who organized this event, but after thinking about it, and realizing who else would be there, he wanted to take part, and read a statement. That statement, however, was quite a doozy. While you can understand why Zeran is upset about Section 230, he seems to have conflated anonymity and the fact that some people do bad stuff online with the idea that (a) anonymity is automatically bad and (b) that anyone who allows anonymity is equally bad.
He called the internet an "engraved invitation for anonymous crime," ignoring the fact that it's really not that anonymous and there are all sorts of tools for uncovering people who have broken the law (something Zeran never did with his own attacker -- who he says he believed was just someone who chose him at random). Zeran did a lengthy bible quote about the "Good Samaritan" in response to the fact that part (c) of Section 230 mentions how it's about protection of "Good Samaritan" efforts. His argument is that Section 230 actually encourages the opposite behavior, in that it encourages service providers to do absolutely nothing to protect people (like himself) online, because they have no liability.
Unfortunately, Zeran is slightly misguided here. He is correct that third parties have no liability, but he is totally misunderstanding the context. Section 230 was put in place due to an earlier court ruling, which said that if a service provider did any editorial work, it could be held liable for the speech of its users. The inevitable result of such a ruling is that service providers would do absolutely no filtering/monitoring whatsoever, because doing any such thing opened them up to liability. What Section 230 does is allow them to monitor and filter what they feel is appropriate, without facing liability. It actually encourages more filtering and monitoring by service providers, by protecting them for their good faith efforts to cultivate the content they host.
From there, Zeran went on to propose an amended version of Section 230, which basically would make any website liable if it didn't take down content when contacted by law enforcement claiming that the content was violating the law. This raised a lot of eyebrows in the room, as it basically hands a ton of power to law enforcement to censor content at will -- something we've noticed law enforcement has a history of violating. Of course, this ignores the fact that Section 230 already does not apply to criminal law violations, so it's difficult to see why his amendment is needed. But making it explicit risks all sorts of dangerous incentives for the government to block expression. Someone in the audience pointed this out, highlighting previous cases of police "protecting friends" by claiming certain claims were violating the law when they were not, and all Zeran could say in response is "well, nothing's perfect." Sure, nothing's perfect, but when you're presenting a law that pretty clearly goes against the First Amendment, you should have a better answer than that.
Zeran, unfortunately, seemed completely oblivious to the idea that his proposed amendment would absolutely be abused to block speech. Mark Lemley, from the audience, pointed out that we already have an example of this with the DMCA's notice-and-takedown procedure for copyright content, and it is abused quite frequently by people seeking to stifle content. Expanding such a regime beyond copyright would almost certainly lead to even greater abuses. Again, Zeran didn't have much in the way of a response beyond "nothing's perfect."
In the end, Zeran was definitely the victim of a tragic circumstance, and as is too often the case in such a situation, his response is to throw out the baby of the First Amendment with the bathwater of abuse. He seems to think that anonymity itself is a bad thing, and spoke out a few times against the concept of anonymity, refusing to acknowledge that anonymity has many positives as well.
Judge Alex Kozinski
Next up in those who are at least, less than enamored with Section 230, was judge Alex Kozinski. Kozinski, as we've mentioned many times before, is an appeals court judge here in the 9th Circuit, and renowned as one of the most entertaining judges on the bench. He's been involved with a few Section 230 rulings, most notably, the Roommates.com ruling, which is one of the very few cases that put a significant limit on Section 230 -- though it's still being argued just how significant that limit is.
He certainly didn't fail to deliver on the entertainment level, tossing out a variety of amusing quips, kicking off with a mention that earlier in the day he'd received an email from Chris Cox -- former Congressional Rep. (and SEC boss) who was an original author of Section 230 -- who was at the event as well, with Cox telling Kozinski that he thought Kozinski got the Roommates ruling right. Kozinski noted that this was sort of like being a Talmud scholar for many years and suddenly receiving a direct message from God saying "it's okay to eat swordfish."
However, he soon drifted into a bit of an anti-230 discussion himself -- which is a bit worrying, considering that he's a judge ruling on cases involving Section 230. It turns out that Kozinski is a bit of a closet luddite. When it was pointed out that many of the wonderful things online are probably only there because of safe harbors like Section 230, he pushed back. He pointed out that the internet really isn't that great, and if he had the option of flipping a switch to turn it off, he's not entirely convinced that he would leave it on. He said he's just not sure it's really done that much good, and that we might be better off without it.
He also made the rather incredible statement, echoing Zeran, asking "where is it written that you have a right to speak anonymously." Of course, many believe that right is embedded within the First Amendment, and many of Kozinski's colleagues on the bench have made that right to anonymous speech pretty explicit in the case law. It's a bit disappointing to see that Kozinski doesn't agree.
Kozinski did point out that many people don't realize what it's like to be the subject of an anonymous internet attack, and people might feel differently if they were. Now, to be fair, Kozinski has been subject to just such attacks, including a highly publicized situation a few years ago in which an anonymous Kozinski-hater got a bunch of attention directed at Kozinski, after discovering that Kozinski had (sloppily) stored a bunch of jokey viral content on a server that he failed to secure, which got twisted into a claim that he had "obscene" content, leading to a rash of misleading press coverage, and an investigation (which eventually cleared him of any wrong doing).
So, perhaps it's understandable that he's not a fan of anonymity online, but like Zeran before him, he seems to conflate anonymity online with "bad activity" online, without acknowledging that plenty of important and valuable speech is made available because it's anonymous. Protecting anonymous speech is quite important, and a federal judge should recognize that. It was pretty disappointing to see judge Kozinski appear to lean the other way.
Nancy Kim
The third in the misguided Section 230 haters was Professor Nancy Kim, who has focused on a very, very small number of websites that have encouraged people to "dish" gossip about others online, and used those as an example of why Section 230 needs wholesale changes. Once again, she seems to think that anonymity automatically means "bad." She even suggested that perhaps sites that allow anonymous comments shouldn't be allowed safe harbors like Section 230's. Beyond just anonymous comment, she seems to dislike "impulsive behavior," suggesting that sites should strive to prevent people from impulsively presenting content, as that, too, is bad.
Like Zeran and Kozinski, Kim seems to be automatically taking a few bad actors, and blaming their bad actions on separate issues (anonymity and impulsive content posting). She also seemed to ignore that there are plenty of non-legal reasons why websites would seek to improve quality of commentary online: because it makes them more credible. She points to some of the "worst" sites like JuicyCampus and AutoAdmit, but doesn't seem to recognize that almost no one took comments on either site seriously, because everyone knew that anyone could write whatever they wanted on those sites, and they were filled with junk that wasn't trustworthy. Instead, she seems to assume that even if the site isn't credible, people automatically believe everything that was written on them. That's just silly. And wrong.
Furthermore, as Cathy Gellis pointed out, Kim (and Zeran) seemed to think that the US government's policy goal should be to promote "culturally beneficial" communication -- but it's not. The government isn't supposed to have a specific role in determining which kind of speech is is okay, and which kind is not. That's the key point behind the First Amendment.
This point was driven home earlier in the day when Paul Alan Levy from Public Citizen was on a panel, and responded to one of many questions asked about "reopening" Section 230 to amend the law. As he pointed out, plenty of people would probably love to "reopen" the First Amendment as well, because they don't like some of the speech enabled by it. However, on the whole, most people who understand and value the First Amendment and the idea of Freedom of Expression recognize that, while it allows speech "we don't like," the end result is that it also enables tons of speech that we do value. The same is true of Section 230. Yes, it allows some "bad" speech to get out there, but there's no way to effectively limit that without causing massive collateral damage as well. Asking to change or hinder Section 230 is no different than asking that we cut back on our free speech rights.
In the end, hopefully these three folks who were skeptical of Section 230 really represent extreme outliers. It certainly appeared that way from the audience, which included a ton of experts in Section 230 who mostly (especially from the Twitter backchannel) were horrified at the suggestions to modify Section 230. However, we should be careful, as there are certainly serious efforts underway to slice up Section 230 and take away this very important tool of free speech. The problem is that most of those attacking Section 230 seem to not understand the basic fact that all it does is make sure liability is accurately placed on those who actually said stuff, rather than a third party. Either that, or as we saw with these three speakers, they seemed to confuse things like anonymity with "bad speech" and assumed that you could somehow use that confusion to carve out "bad speech" without having a serious negative impact on perfectly legitimate speech.
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Filed Under: alex kozinski, anonymity, defamation, ken zeran, nancy kim, secondary liability
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One word: Publius (you can google it.)
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techdirt always blames the 3rd party in that case of patents and copyright but in other cases the facilitator is never to blame. Interesting.
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"A generic legal term for any individual who does not have a direct connection with a legal transaction but who might be affected by it."
So how is a law an individual? Or are you really taking things deliberately out of context to attack Mike? If you want to disagree with him, go ahead, but please! For the sake of the children, please make a bit of sense!
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RIP
I refer you to the 7 dirty words Mike. What kind of speech was voted 6 to 5 in the supreme court. Rest his soul. The cultural benefits? 1.4 days/week adult on TV. 50hrs/week seniors &
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Re: RIP
I've said this before and you keep missing it Mike.
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Too many companies hide behind section 230 even though they are really publishers, not just services. It creates an unwarranted and undesirable shield for people who publish on these sites.
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Without anonymity you might not have me
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On the other hand...
Providing one on sites that deal with important public topics like this one seems like a no-brainer. Even though it appears to be more often used by industry shills who want to sling astroturf without being held accountable, the possibility of attracting candid commentary from well-informed insiders outweighs that.
On more frivolous forums where the chance of insider information and the importance of those potential revelations is nominal, anonymity seems to breed little more than contempt and incivility. Not that it's always inappropriate for less serious sites, just that operators should think more about the tone they want to set instead of automatically including it.
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Undesirable to whom?
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BTW, don't you mean 5-4, not 6-5. There are only 9 members of Scotus.
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The availability of the gun makes the shooting possible. In most countries restrictions are placed on gun availability. Those that have weaker restrictions (like most of USA) generally have more gun murders than those with strong restrictions (eg UK). However guns have legitimate uses in some circumstances so a balance has to be struck somewhere.
The internet has many more uses (and more important ones) than guns for the general population so the balance should be struck in favour of the internet.
Copyright and patent are pretty much useless (the one use they seem to have - shared with guns is for shooting yourself in the foot) - so their damage is the major factor in striking the balance.
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Uh, what? How have you become so stubborn in your trollitude that you've lost the definition of the word "party" such that you're applying it to an inanimate object like a patent or copyright?
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Ramblings
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Section 230 has become more than a shield for direct service providers, it has become a protect all for everything that happens with them. ISPs are hiding their users behind it, chat board hide their posters, and various companies (including the now infamous mooo.com) become blocked legal fronts for online activity.
The concept is good in theory, it doesn't work in practicality because section 230 has been applied to liberally and too widely, making pretty much every site on the internet "protected". That isn't what was intended.
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At some point, they aren't innocent "services" but publishers, creating unique assemblages of parts obtained from various sources.
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Everything you said that phone companies are responsible for still applies to ISPs and websites.
And Section 230 IS intended to apply to every single internet site and service.
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If this is true, which I do not at all believe, I'd like for you to explain how Mexico (which has outlawed all guns, can't get more restrictive than that) has more gun violence than in the US. And California is one of the most restrictive gun states in the Union, and yet drug/gang gun violence is quite common despite these rules. While you can show that the US has more gun violence than Western European countries...I think it is more because of culture than because of the availability of guns. I think the prevalence of violent television/movie programming and the common belief that might makes right built into the culture has more to do with the problem than gun restrictions, which only effect the lawful/honest folks. I still believe that an armed society is a polite society.
Never-the-less, I still agree with you that a balance has to be struck. I think the best balance is to return copyright to the original 17-year time limit with one extension for active copyrights, and remove all patents for software procedures/business processes.
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Ken Zeran - Can appreciate his view...
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> statement, asking "where is it written that
> you have a right to speak anonymously."
"Congress shall make no law... abridging the freedom of speech..."
The content and method of the speech is the citizen's choice, not the government's.
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Anonymity
> important and valuable speech is made
> available because it's anonymous.
Federalist Papers? Just one of the seminal documents outlining the philosophy of our government. Published anonymously by people who were rightly fearful of repercussion. Would not likely have them if there had been laws requiring attribution of all published material.
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Re: 3rd Parties
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> most of USA) generally have more gun murders
> than those with strong restrictions
Wrong. The cities with the highest per capita murder rates in the USA are the cities with the strongest anti-gun laws (Washington, DC, Chicago, etc.). Cities and states which allow citizens to own and carry firearms have a much lower incidence of both murder and gun crime.
"An armed society is a polite society."
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Re: Re: Re: Liability
> "services" but publishers, creating unique
> assemblages of parts obtained from various
> sources.
So what?
Why should that make YouTube liable for what some jackhole says when he mouths off in the comment section?
If it's defamatory, it's the commenter who is committing the offense, not YouTube. The person who is harmed by the defamation should do the same thing they would have to do if it was committed any other way in any other medium: file a lawsuit and issue a subpoena for the idetity of the commenter, then take them to court.
For some reason, the moment "on the internet" comes into the equation, all the normal rules of society are supposed to change.
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> nubmer, example and the location of that phone
But they don't get to know who's using every phone at every moment.
They may know where that payphone in Grand Central Station is located but they don't know who's using it, and AT&T isn't responsible if someone uses one of them to call in a bomb threat to someone else.
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Re: Ken Zeran - Can appreciate his view...
Did anyone deny that? No.
So why bring it up? None of that changes that his suggestions are a massive overreaction. Yes, his situation was horrible. Does that justify gutting Section 230 and the First Amendemnt? I think not. Are you arguing otherwise?
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If I own a gun and I lend it to you and you shoot someone, who is to blame? The gun manufacturer? Me for owning the gun? Or you for pulling the trigger?
Seems pretty clear to me so far - you are responsible if you pull the trigger. However, on techdirt, when it comes to patents and copyright the shooter gets partial blame and the patent or copyright gets partial blame. Then we come to section 230 where the shooter is to blame. Why not always just blame the shooter?
You can dislike guns, patents, copyright, vice crimes, whatever but at the end of the day the person that did the action is to blame for the action.
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I find that if I am not logged in that my anon comments often get caught in the Moderator Review bucket too, many comments never make it out.
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Gee, its like you are taking a common internet phenomenon and twisting and squirming your hardest until you can use it as a half-witted attack against someone you have decided not to like. Should i applaud your acting ability in this role as "anonymous fool" or simply call you dumb and walk away?
Just one more mystery for our time, AC.
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False. If your comment is not spam, we release it. Claiming otherwise is a lie.
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When encountering a new word or phrase, most people would simply look it up.
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There's a guy who's more concerned about his train turning up 10 minutes late or having to queue for a coffee than any sort of cyber attack.
He pointed out that the internet really isn't that great, and if he had the option of flipping a switch to turn it off, he's not entirely convinced that he would leave it on. He said he's just not sure it's really done that much good, and that we might be better off without it.
I'd like to think that the world is a better place for the internet. Wikipedia and Wolfram Alpha are just two examples of how the vastly increased flow of information can provide incredibly useful resources.
Instead, she seems to assume that even if the site isn't credible, people automatically believe everything that was written on them. That's just silly. And wrong.
And quite familiar. Haven't there been a few other people mentioned on Techdirt who had their feathers ruffled by some random troll and started screaming bloody murder?
...Yes, come to think of it, I remember one of those. Some teenage girl's lawsuit. The judge threw out the case after politely informing her that nobody actually believed she had acquired so many STDs that she'd become undead, or somesuch.
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I AGREE! Yuu said it! Now how would you desribe "people who publish on these sites" in one word? Publishers??
So yes the Publishers should be blamed... they authored the content... then hit the "submit" button to publish it.
*sigh* You write it - you wear the blame.
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Re: Without anonymity you might not have me
Besides you are not Anonymous... I can look you up in the phone book.
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he government isn't supposed to have a specific role in determining which kind of speech is is okay,
Is the gem there isn't supposed to but already does all the way back to Carlin's 7 dirty words. Btw, thanks for fixing the fail in my memory on the 5-4.
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Re: Ken Zeran - Can appreciate his view...
So stop trolling, and sort out your website.
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I smell an advertising campaign for the next Presidential election!
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Note I am a supporter of gun controls, but not an outright ban of all guns.
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I'm curious how this is hypocritical? For the life of me I don't see anything hypocritical about it at all.
The use of "anonymous coward" is just a holdover. As already noted in the thread, it was very much standard back in the days when we started this site, and it is a *joke* not any actual assertion of cowardice. If I really thought anon folks were cowards, I wouldn't let them post at all.
So where is the hypocritical stance? Please do explain.
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