Appeals Court Tells City It Can't Use Its Terribly-Written Zoning Laws To Censor Speech

from the the-aesthetic-value-of-shutting-someone-up dept

Here's a fun free speech win from the 4th Circuit Appeals Court. Well, it's at least a fun read, especially when the judges go after the city of Norfolk's highly-questionable claim that its completely inconsistent zoning statute isn't loaded with content-based restrictions.

First, though, here's a bit of background. Norfolk's Central Radio Company's building was on the list of places to be destroyed by the city to make way for an expansion of Old Dominion University. To protest this plan, it hung a large sign on the side of its building stating its opposition to eminent domain abuse.


It also protested the university's planned expansion by suing it, ultimately undoing the government's plan to demolish CRC's building.

The city, tipped off by an Old Dominion employee, decided to "investigate" the company's sign and, of course, found it to be in violation of city advertising statutes.

This prompted another lawsuit from the Central Radio Company, this time seeking to have the ordinance found unconstitutional. Unfortunately, it wasn't quite so lucky this time. The district court found the statute did not infringe on the company's First Amendment rights. The Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals agreed.

CRC petitioned the Supreme Court. Its timing was fortuitous. The Supreme Court had recently handed down a decision in a similar case (Reed v. Town of Gilbert). The decision reaffirmed that government entities cannot impose content-based restrictions without narrowly crafting the limitations to "further a compelling government interest."

The US Supreme Court booted the case back to the appeals court with instructions to apply its recent Reed decision. Taking this into consideration, the Appeals Court finds in favor of Central Radio Company and isn't too impressed with Norfolk's ill-advised attempt to censor content that didn't agree with its eminent domain plans.
Based on Reed, we hold that the City’s regulation was a content-based restriction of speech. The former sign code exempted governmental or religious flags and emblems, but applied to private and secular flags and emblems. In addition, it exempted “works of art” that “in no way identif[ied] or specifically relate[d] to a product or service,” but it applied to art that referenced a product or service. On its face, the former sign code was content-based because it applied or did not apply as a result of content, that is, “the topic discussed or the idea or message expressed.”
Because of the internal inconsistencies in the statute (which has since been rewritten), the government can't claim its restrictions aren't content-based. Those assertions have been undone by the city's inability to craft a coherent policy. The law was supposedly put in place to improve the city's aesthetics and cut down on distracted driving. According to the city of Norfolk, these two things were supposedly "compelling government interests." The court disagrees, finding it to be a badly-written law with severe Constitutional issues.
With respect to the City’s stated interest in preserving aesthetic appeal, for example, the flag of a private or secular organization was “no greater an eyesore” than the flag of a government or religion, id. (quoting City of Cincinnati v. Discovery Network, Inc., 507 U.S. 410, 425 (1993)), and works of art that referenced a product or service did not necessarily detract from the City’s physical appearance any more than other works of art. Yet, the former sign code allowed the unlimited proliferation of governmental and religious flags, as well as works of art that met the City’s dubious criterion, while sharply restricting the number and size of flags and art bearing other messages.

[...]

The City also has not shown that limiting the size and number of private and secular flags, as well as works of art that referenced products or services, was necessary to eliminate threats to traffic safety. There is no evidence in the record that secular flags were any more distracting than religious ones, or that a large work of art displaying a reference to a product threatened the safety of motorists any more than any other large, exempted pieces of artwork.
A workable, Constitutional policy wasn't handed down by the city until well after its original statute proved to be a problem. Because the policy has been altered since the filing of the suit in 2012, the court finds no need to issue an injunction. Even if the city wasn't directly trying to censor critical speech (although it certainly appeared to be doing exactly that), the statute was so badly written that it couldn't help but trip over itself. Worse, it put the government in the position of deciding what was or wasn't "approved" art, and implied that art and commerce were mutually exclusive expressions.

"Nominal damages" are on the way to the Central Radio Company, which managed to not only save the building where it has spent the last half-century from destruction, but managed to get a bad law rewritten in the process.

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Filed Under: 4th circuit, free speech, norfolk, zoning laws
Companies: old dominion university


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  1. identicon
    Joe hill died for me, 8 Feb 2016 @ 3:00pm

    so

    Off topic but on the idea of showing positive rankings for terrorists, seach of Joe Hill gives videos of paul robeson, Brusce springstein, pete seiger, and luke Kelly but no Phil Ochs so revolutionaries filtered.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  2. icon
    TechDescartes (profile), 8 Feb 2016 @ 3:01pm

    A Penny Saved

    If they invest it right, think of all the nominal interest they can accrue.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  3. identicon
    SpaceLifeForm, 8 Feb 2016 @ 3:03pm

    In other news...

    the appellate court did not have the balls to make the proper ruling in the first place.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  4. identicon
    Anonymous Anonymous Coward, 8 Feb 2016 @ 3:27pm

    Hey, we be busy...

    "... a badly-written law with severe Constitutional issues."
    From the governments standpoint that's like halitosis. Annoying to others but we can live with that.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  5. identicon
    Pixelation, 8 Feb 2016 @ 7:05pm

    Fucking amatuers

    Knock the building down first and then tell people. Either way it's a lawsuit, might as well make it worth the trouble.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  6. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 8 Feb 2016 @ 10:22pm

    Re: Fucking amatuers

    That's easier said than done when your plans take a long time, and have to be at least semi-public.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  7. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 8 Feb 2016 @ 10:47pm

    Just convince some yahoos the government plans to use the building as part of a large series of FEMA death camps, they will first occupy it and then slowly destroy it all the while providing great tv news clips for the talking heads to rant and rave about. It will be great!

    link to this | view in thread ]

  8. icon
    Oninoshiko (profile), 16 Feb 2016 @ 4:19pm

    Re: Fucking amatuers

    That's how they do it in Chicago. (see Meigs Field)

    link to this | view in thread ]


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