Abusing The Surveillance Scandal To Punish Internet Freedom Even More

from the hypocrisy-is-everywhere dept

In a recent Wall Street Journal op-ed, Senators Ron Wyden and John Thune highlight the growing hostility to American-based Internet companies from foreign governments that range from China to Brazil to the countries of the E.U. Each of these governments is aggressively pressing trade policies that would limit the free flow of information- based products and services.

The Senators, in what might at first blush seem a rare display of bi-partisanship, urge U.S. negotiators in on-going talks over existing or proposed trade agreements to press for free trade in digital goods, and to "protect America's digital economy from the political and protectionist scruples of foreign leaders."

Such agreements have historically dealt exclusively with trade involving physical goods, but now the focus is on information. As more and more of the world's commerce -- both physical and intangible -- moves online, we are witnessing a replay of the kind of trade wars that plagued world economies during much of the Industrial Revolution, with developing nations (then including the U.S.) using tariffs and other restrictions to prop up local industries. The goal of protectionism, then as now, was both to weaken the prospects for foreign companies and to impose political punishments in largely or even wholly unrelated international disputes. Senators Wyden and Thune, along with many of their colleagues in Congress and the Administration, are right to push harder for digital free trade. Despite the obvious social and economic benefits of unrestricted global commerce and the innately international nature of the Internet ecosystem, digital goods and services today are often regulated more severely than physical goods.

Digital trade has, unfortunately, rekindled long-dormant and ultimately counter-productive protectionist tendencies. That's both because they are new and, in many economies, the only hope of significant growth. (Google, admittedly not a fully objective party in such disputes, posted an outstanding white paper on the topic back in 2010 -- a good background for anyone just tuning in here.)

With notable exceptions (i.e., copyright), the U.S. has long been a consistent and authoritative voice of progressive policies here, a rare example where partisan politics have not infected the long-term interests of U.S. and non-U.S. constituencies.

But that authority, as the Senators acknowledge, has been significantly destabilized in the wake of on-going leaks over U.S. domestic and foreign electronic surveillance conducted under both the USA Patriot and Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Acts.

Over the last six months, U.S. allies and not-so-friendly nations alike have seized on leaked information regarding the nature and scope of NSA and other U.S. government data collection and analysis as potent ammunition in some core struggles over the future of the global Internet. "In light of the recent revelations about the National Security Agency," Wyden and Thune write, "foreign consumers have understandably raised questions about the privacy of their online data. Unfortunately, these surveillance programs are giving cover to some trading partners to take measures against American technology companies under the auspices of protecting privacy. New digital trade rules are needed to be sure that current privacy concerns are not a stalking horse for protectionism."

But it's not just protectionism. Depending on the country or region, the surveillance revelations are being used as evidence (1) of the need for continued or even enhanced limits on U.S.-based cloud service providers, (2) of U.S. hypocrisy in pushing for digital free speech and other human rights in more repressive countries, and (3) to renew the argument that national governments need more control over Internet governance.

The free trade leg of this unholy tripod argues the severe and often secretive restrictions being placed on U.S.-based cloud service providers undermines their ability to protect the privacy of content hosted on behalf of non-U.S. residents and companies. These services, some governments now assert, should therefore be limited by law in favor of local industries who operate under local regulations that are more protective (at least on paper) of the privacy interests of their users.

The human rights counter-offensive is little more than a "gotcha" argument that the U.S. has lost its moral authority to advocate on behalf of citizens in countries such as Iran, China and Russia. Given that the U.S. is subjecting U.S. and non-U.S. citizens to sweeping electronic surveillance despite the Bill of Rights, these countries and their proxies urge, their own surveillance and repression can't be criticized. We're no worse than you, in other words.

The governance leg, finally, is a renewal of the putsch that was attempted and ultimately defeated as part of the International Telecommunications Union’s WCIT conference in Dubai late last year. Proponents of these and other anti-Internet initiatives tried to use a redrafting of U.N. telecommunications treaties as a back door to dismantle the engineering-driven, multi-stakeholder Internet governance model at the heart of what has made the digital ecosystem so successful. The U.S. government has too much influence over Internet governance, the argument continues to be made, now with new evidence to support it.

Those who are using the surveillance scandal to argue for commercially-crippling U.S.-based Internet and cloud services, for deflecting digital human rights advocacy, and for destroying the multi-stakeholder governance system are practicing the worst kind of hypocrisy. Most don't care at all about the revelations (or worse, are complicit in them). They are simply looking for any ammunition at hand to deploy in long-standing and often counter-productive objectives -- objectives that were well on their way to righteous defeat.

In many cases, the governments using the surveillance scandal have equally dirty hands. There are a lot of crocodile tears being shed about practices most if not all national governments surely knew was going on anyway. The leaks have made clear that some of the very same governments now wringing their hands are themselves past masters of the trade, and in many cases are themselves grateful users of much of the data the U.S. agencies have collected.

To these arguments, Internet users should speak as one: A pox on all your houses.

Unfortunately, and likely unintentionally, Internet users worldwide are doubly victims here. The surveillance scandal has provided new rhetorical opportunities to urge remedies that are almost certainly worse than the surveillance problem itself. Worse, that is, for users.

It would be bitter justice if the debate over a more appropriate balance between national security and the privacy of innocent citizens instead promoted the interests of those whose true goals are not enhanced privacy protection, but likely its opposite. What these advocates really want is to slow the growth of cloud-based services for economic and political reasons, to suppress the potential of technology to advance democratic goals, and to bring the digital ecosystem to heel beneath the dead hand of jealous and incompetent national governments.

To be clear, I have no intention here to appear to be shooting the messenger. As I wrote both long before and soon after the recent media firestorm over surveillance, it's difficult even to debate the merits of counter-terrorism measures when we know so little about what is actually being done. Both the Patriot Act and FISA are grossly deficient, at the very least, in providing both transparency and oversight, essential elements of meaningful democratic deliberation. The sooner we introduce meaningful reform to those aspects of the laws, the sooner we can go back to fighting to preserve and expand digital free trade, human rights, and multi-stakeholder Internet governance.

In that regard, the joint editorial from Senators Wyden and Thune is not really so surprising. In each of these areas, Congress (along with both Republican and Democratic White Houses) has long demonstrated bi-partisan support for the best answers -- "best" economically and politically.

The U.S. long held the moral high ground on these issues. We need to earn it back.

16 Comments

Larry Downes' Favorite Techdirt Posts Of The Week

from the laws-of-disruption dept

I wish I could say it was by brilliant design instead of happy coincidence, but I spent the ten days before the election in the U.K. (I had the great pleasure there to meet Techdirt contributor Glyn Moody at the cafe in the National Gallery on Trafalgar Square--perfect coffee and excellent cakes, but that's true of nearly everywhere in London).

I returned to Washington on Election Day to find a ghost town; anyone who wasn't out on the campaign trail was hunkered down somewhere, or just hiding. Would that it were always so.

Like every other American of every political persuasion, I was long-past exhaustion with the 2012 campaign, which lacked any substance on any subject, not least of all on tech policy.

Innovation, especially in information technology, is just about the only engine of economic growth we have left in the U.S., and you'd think that an election that pretended to be so focused on fixing the economy would said at least something about what government could do to encourage entrepreneurship.

But no, instead we got, well, you can fill in your own most cringe-worthy sound bites from the campaign. (The week in London featured enough good wine to kill just the right brain cells, thankfully. I can't actually remember much of the last few months.)

I tried in my own small way to raise the issue in an op-ed I sweated over for the better part of a week. Despite supportive words from former Wall Street Journal publisher Gordon Crovitz, I got no response from either the Washington Post or the New York Times.

In the end I ran a longer version of the piece on Forbes.com where, despite strong promotional help from the editors, the piece was dead on arrival, receiving one of my lowest page view counts ever. A paltry 1,800 views, compared to almost 3.5 million I got for a throw-away story about how much Best Buy sucks.

What I wished the candidates from President on down to the local Police Protection and Community Services District in my very small, unincorporated town in the Berkeley Hills (where, I’m happy to report, my least favorite neighbor got the fewest votes) had spent at least a moment on was to acknowledge the ways in which the application of industrial-age laws and regulations to information products, services, and enterprises get in the way--even when they aren't trying to. Often, in fact, especially when they aren't trying to.

As the pace of technological change continues to accelerate, thanks to Moore’s Law and its complements, the pace of legal change falls further and further behind. Technology is disruptive and growing moreso. Traditional law is slow and deliberate by design.

So when it comes to traditional forms of government, the real governing law for technology, increasingly, is the law of unintended consequences. We see it every day here on the front lines of the Internet economy: counter-productive extensions to copyright and patent; immigration policies that send non-U.S. engineers home to compete against us just as they've finished their educations in American entrepreneurship; a tax code that forces U.S. companies to invest their foreign earnings anywhere but in the U.S.; and the FCC's century-old approach to spectrum management that still imagines a world in which every device needs its own separate network and where new usable frequencies are always available.

Just to name a few.

Had the candidates been reading my favorite Techdirt posts from last week instead of tweaking their stump speeches, they would have gotten a flavor for the kind of dangerous and costly absurdities I'm referring to:

1. Criminal Procedure -- The FBI and other intelligence-gathering agencies have long-complained that new technologies challenge their ability to keep up with criminals and now terrorists. When Congress doesn't expand their authority to further undermine the Fourth Amendment fast enough, they just improvise, and then stonewall efforts from those, such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation, to find out what they’re actually doing. Without transparency, we have tyranny, even if benevolent.
   
2. Patents -- Whatever the value of granting limited monopolies to inventors to incentivize invention was during the Industrial Revolution, it should now be clear to everyone that in fast-paced, dynamic markets for information technology products and services, twenty years or so of exclusive rights to new innovations is far too long. Especially when patent offices worldwide seem to think every tweak counts as an innovation. (That is clear, by the way, to every company in Silicon Valley, including those who are sometimes beneficiaries of that system.)
   
   Congress took nearly a decade to pass a patent reform bill that included no real reforms. So, as has often historically been the case, the judiciary is stepping in to try at least to keep the madness to a minimum. My former boss Richard Posner paved the way in dismissing part of the Motorola/Apple smartphone war with extreme prejudice (not a legal term). Now, as Mike reports, another judge has picked up the banner and run with it. Patent litigants beware: compete in the market, not in the courts.
   
3. Copyright -- At a conference in Charleston this week, I argued that the true disruption of the information revolution was to separate information from physical media, turning on its head Marshall McLuhan's cryptic comment that "the medium is the message." Content industries organized their supply chains around expensive physical assets necessary to produce and distribute the media, with little regard for the creative information that goes into it. It's newspapers, not news, and records, not music.
   
   The Internet is dismantling those supply chains, leaving incumbents unclear, at best, on what it is they actually add to the value of creative content. The last stages of industry transformation, I said, are always desperate efforts to create hybrids of the old technology with the new and, finally, litigating everything that moves.
   
   Most of the former "mass media" industries are now entering the end game for their long-stranding, cartel-like supply chains, and the flailing is in full view--to everyone except our elected officials, who dutifully respond to concerns about "piracy" and "theft" by extending when they should be shortening copyright duration, and adding when they should be subtracting from criminal and civil penalties.
   
   Historically, this resistance is inevitable if pointless--a new and better supply chain always emerges, and those who added real value in the old one always find a more profitable place in the new. Mike's story about Harry Fox's determined efforts to force licensing fees from a Thai youth orchestra for performance of a public domain work by Johann Strauss nicely captures the sad state-of-the-art here. As Marx paraphrased Goethe, history always repeats itself, first as tragedy and then as farce.
   
4. Patents, Take Two -- As I said, sometimes the patent bullies are also the patent victims. While I don't share Mike's complete disdain for patent trolls (sometimes they do resolve market problems that can't otherwise be fixed), litigation remains an expensive form of resolution and one that is often the victim of what economists call regulatory capture, where the institution (here the notorious federal district court in East Texas) becomes dangerously aligned with those it's supposed to oversee.
   
   Mike teases out the ugly details in a post on jury trials that went against Apple and Google, respectively. By the way, to anyone who thinks lay juries are appropriate fact-finders for patent infringement cases, please get in touch. I have a virtual bridge I'd like to talk to you about.
   
5. Internet "Governance" -- One issue that never came up in campaign 2012 was the insidious effort by the U.N.'s International Telecommunications Union and repressive client governments around the world to insert themselves into the highly-functional, engineering-driven approach to governance that has led to the total victory of open IP protocols over any other networking standard they've encountered. That may be because, as far as I could tell, there wasn't a single person in the U.S. who thought giving the ITU more power through an upcoming rewrite of the relevant treaty was a good idea.
   
   As with SOPA and PIPA, the best evidence that the government entity proposing itself to solve a problem that doesn't exist would instead be the worst possible change agent in the first place comes from the entity itself. Caught off-guard by worldwide scorn, the 150 year-old ITU has responded with the most pathetic P.R. campaign since, well, since SOPA and PIPA. Every speech, statement, and "Twitter storm" ITU Secretary-General Hamadoun Toure lowers himself to participate in has the opposite effect to its intent, making clear that the ITU doesn't even know what the Internet is, let alone what "governance" problems can't be solved without the help of the U.N.
   
   The best/worst example came this week in an op-ed piece Toure wrote for Wired.com, which, as Mike rightly points out, is infested with wishful thinking, deception, and an uncanny ability to talk down to Internet users as if they were infants in hopes of impressing them with Toure's vast wisdom as a seasoned bureaucrat. Why, says the Secretary-General, our secret treaty negotiations are even open to your participation on our website. What he doesn't mention is that even that pathetic crumb requires users first to register, provide lots of private information, and agree to terms of service more restrictive than the iTunes Store.
   
   Everyone sees the Would-be-Emperor's nudity here, except of course for the ITU. The readers of Wired (are there still readers of Wired?) duly tore Toure apart in the comments. No matter, he won't read them.

I'm out of time, but I've only skimmed the surface--and that's just what was on Techdirt, admittedly the best source for tech policy horrors. Honorable mention to Tim Cushing, however, for his piece on India's struggle--and failure--to find the "balance" between freedom of speech and individual rights to protect their reputations through defamation law (and, more often, the needs of law enforcement to protect public safety).

There's no balance. Either you have freedom of speech or you don't. Either you trust in the marketplace of ideas or you don't have one. Mark Twain once said that "A lie can travel halfway around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes." But that was before the Internet. Now both can travel all the way around the world without needing shoes, and do so instantly. The medium is not the message.

In the end, maybe it's not such a bad thing that politicians ignore technology policy. True, the old laws are causing plenty of mischief. But efforts to correct them often just make things worse.

In the few months before campaign 2016 begins, maybe we can get Google to take Silicon Valley off all of its maps. Or better yet, convince politicians to switch to Apple maps.

7 Comments

Resetting The Balance To Save Copyright (Part III)

from the alternate-side-of-the-street dept

Summary of Parts One and Two: The essential balance of copyright between incentives for creators and the feeding of a rich and unlicensed public domain has been undone by a long series of misguided efforts to save copyright by making its rules both stronger and less enforceable at the same time. The industry’s tactics have backfired, eroding what was left of any moral authority for obeying the law. And that was the chief (and most efficient) mechanism for enforcement all along.

The repeated and retroactive extension of copyright terms, largely at the behest of the Disney Corporation, has had the unintended consequence of creating a nation of felons, both technically and in spirit. According to one provocative study by John Tehranian, we all violate copyright unintentionally many times a day. And to the extent we realize it, we don't care.

To return to the parking analogy, the result of these legal changes has been to paint every curb a red zone—it's now illegal to park anywhere. The result is not perfect enforcement of copyright but its opposite. No one obeys the law or thinks they ought to. Getting caught is more or less a random event, and rational consumers won't change their behavior to avoid it.

The center will not hold. Large media holding companies are becoming desperate, expending their resources not to find new ways of making money but to secure passage of increasingly draconian laws (SOPA) and treaties (ACTA) that give them more, largely unusable new powers. Even if passed, these legal tools will do little to improve legal enforcement. But they are certain to cause dangerous and unintended new harms.

At the same time, the marketing machines of these same companies have convinced us that our right to enjoy content is inherent—the American Way. Once offered, we imagine free content should always be free, even if the rightsholder changes its mind or intended all along to attach conditions to consumption based on time or place or the ability to associate mechanisms, such as advertising, that allowed for indirect revenue generation.

Americans don't understand that subtlety, and rightsholders have given them no reason to try. Public education efforts have been pathetic. Instead of teaching consumers the costs and dangers to the delicately-balanced system from copyright infringement, they emphasize moral and legal prohibitions that are rightly perceived by consumers as petulant, cynical, and amusingly out-of-touch.

These campaigns, for starters, say nothing about the economics of content production and distribution. They are morality tales, narrated by fabulists who pride themselves, in their day jobs, on their mastery of manipulation and misdirection. It's as if Darth Vader sat down with preschoolers to talk about why they shouldn't throw stones at the Death Star because of the potential for property damage.

Consider just a few examples below: YouTube's mandatory copyright "school" for violators and the classic 1992 "Don't Copy that Floppy:"

Clearly, not much has changed over the last twenty years in efforts to change public perceptions and behaviors. The Hollywood that can produce blockbuster movies somehow can't make a PSA that isn't a self-parody.

I think the public can be educated, and should be. Here's where I part company with those who reject copyright altogether. The theory of copyright—limited monopoly in exchange for a rich public domain—is still a good one, and the system created by the English, adapted by early Congresses, had the virtue of being largely self-enforcing and therefore efficient.

It is the 20th and 21st century imbalance in copyright, and not copyright itself, that must be fixed. And it can be fixed. There is a way out of this dangerous and increasingly tense cold war between content industries and their customers. Here's a simple three-step solution:

1. If rightsholders want consumers to obey the law and support their preferred business model, they first need to stop making it impossible for consumers to follow the rules. Copyright needs to be weakened, not strengthened.
2. Content industries need to end the stalling and excuses—perhaps understandable in 1998, when I first wrote about digital distribution in "Unleashing the Killer App," but not now, nearly fifteen years later. They need to embrace digital media and new channels fully, even if doing so means tolerating a considerable amount of unauthorized distribution and reuse as working models for profit-generation rapidly evolve.
3. Public education needs to focus not on self-righteous indignation but on collaborating with consumers on finding ways to compensate creators for the value of their work. If consumers understood the economics of content creation and distribution, and given an easy way to cooperate, they'd do it.

Ironically, there's every reason to believe that embracing a relaxed copyright regime and encouraging creative reuse would actually generate more revenue for creators. That, in any case, has been the lesson of every form of new media to be invented in the last hundred years or more.

Each of them was initially resisted and branded as illegal and immoral. Each of them—from the player piano to the photocopier to the VCR to the Internet—has instead offered salvation and riches to those who figure out the new rules for working with them and not against them. (Hint: network effects rule.) Rightsholders consistently confuse each fading media technology with the true value of the content they control. The medium is not the message.

For now, industry apologists—the MPAA, the RIAA, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and others—are caught in a dangerous cycle of denial and anger. A growing number of consumers refuse to follow the current rules. So they lobby to make the rules stronger and the penalties more severe, amping up the moral rhetoric along the way.

But this only serves to starve the public domain more, undermining the basic principles of copyright. With the system increasingly out of balance, self-enforcement becomes even less likely. The law is impossible to obey, and rarely enforced. So consumers make up their own rules, for better or worse, with expensive and unnecessary casualties piling up on both sides.

Eventually, consumers and creators find the right balance and the most effective forms of compensation, regardless of the industry's efforts to cut off their nose to spite their face.

Then along comes another disruptive technology and a new round of customer innovation, and the cycle starts all over.

Rights holders remain stubbornly parked in the same old spots, afraid that if they move their vehicles at all they'll be doomed to circling the block forever, unable to stop until they permanently run out of gas.

The rest of us, meanwhile, are happily enjoying our flying cars.

112 Comments

You're Only Making Things Worse For Yourself (And Us Too), Media Industries (Part II)

from the double-parking dept

Summary of Part One: Consumers, trained by content providers to think most entertainment can be enjoyed freely, no longer take copyright seriously as a legal or moral imperative. It's like a parking meter that's rarely checked. When we do get a (large) ticket, we're outraged. After all, no one else got one for doing exactly the same thing. Our cognitive dissonance has left copyright a law in name only.

Media industries have made things worse for themselves by training customers to think of ads and other indirect sources of revenue-generation as an inconvenience, a feature of programming best not talked about. Ads are woven into the flow of the programming, and increasingly hidden in product placements and other inline forms of sponsorship. My favorite brand of frozen pizza is now co-marketed with the new "Avengers" movie. The psychology of advertising is subtle and complex—or maybe not.

In either case, the result is that at the most basic level—at the reptilian cortex of the brain—consumers are encouraged to ignore the reality that advertisers pay for or highly subsidize most forms of content. Because the economics of content are kept mysterious, we have no reason to believe that if we enjoy movies, music, books or television shows at the wrong time, or with the wrong people, or without the ads, we're undermining the basic rules of the industry. How can we be expected to understand that doing so is not only dangerous to the continuation of that longstanding model but also a crime, punishable by enormous fines and even possible jail time?

What consumers do see, however, is that as content has been translated, often kicking and screaming, into digital form, the unit cost of production, distribution, and marketing has plummeted. Yet for most media, the price has not decreased proportionally, largely because rightsholders want to protect increasingly uneconomical physical media formats such as hardcover books, newspapers, and movie DVDs.

Worse, even as the unit cost of media declines, the rules against unauthorized copying have become stricter. It's as if there were suddenly millions of new parking spaces available across Manhattan, but parking lots keep charging more than $10 an hour. And all the meters are suspiciously broken.

How did this happen? Since well before the invention of the photocopier, media industries have pursued a consistent if counter-productive legal strategy of responding to disruptive technologies that decrease costs and open new markets by lobbying for extensions to copyright terms, increased penalties, and criminalizing more behaviors.

Their theory—if there is one—is that technologies that make it cheaper to create and distribute content also make it cheaper to violate copyright (see Napster, et. al.). Cheaper production is ignored, while increased potential for violations requires enhanced penalties that can't, in any case, be enforced. It's a lose-lose-lose strategy for producers, creators, and consumers. And it's a loop we've been stuck in for decades.

One result of that fatal loop is that under current law the concept of fair use—long understood as a safety valve to an otherwise economically-dangerous copyright monopoly—exists in name only. And with copyright terms continually and retroactively extended, almost nothing enters the unrestricted "public domain" anymore, even though the continued expansion of the public domain was the whole point of granting the "limited" copyright monopoly in the first place.

Copyright was designed as a low-cost and largely self-enforcing mechanism for achieving two important goals: incentivizing creators to build the intellectual capital of a new nation and making sure that their efforts could be used and built upon as quickly and as freely as possible. Copyright gives authors a monopoly, which necessarily reduces potential social value. (Economists call it "dead weight loss.")

But there's an essential caveat. Once the limited period of the monopoly expires, all rights are unreserved. The public can do as it pleases with the work—copy it, adapt it, reframe it, anthologize it, mock it. (Some amount of mocking is allowed even before the term expires.) As the Constitution puts it, Congress shall have the power—and not the obligation—"To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries."

But copyright law no longer promotes the progress of anything. It just secures more rights. And patent law, in its own state of disarray, is even worse. It's actually counter-productive, as if to make it a crime just to think about parking.

This dangerous imbalance in the system is the result of misguided efforts to preemptively rescue American content industries from wave after wave of disruptive copying technologies, each seen as the certain destroyer of the content enterprise. Jack Valenti's infamous testimony that the VCR was "to the American film producer and the American public as the Boston strangler is to the woman home alone" is still chilling in both its rhetorical excess and its misreading of the future. (And how was the "American public" threatened at all?)

The imbalance of copyright today is the result of Hollywood's irrational fear of the unknown. As Prof. Tom Bell made visually clear with his 2009 "Mickey Mouse Curve," the regular extension of copyright terms and penalties, especially in the last hundred years, has not been based on the reasoned deliberation of Congress so much as the unrelenting lobbying of the Disney Corporation, determined to spend whatever it must to keep every iota of its creative work out of the public domain. Worse, Disney's obsession is about control, not maximizing profits.

As Bell's curve demonstrates, whenever the earliest works of Disney are about to lose copyright protection, Congress steps in to extend it retroactively. This is no coincidence. But it is ironic coming from a company whose oeuvre includes so many films based on content (the Hunchback, Hercules, Mulan, Tarzan) that had only recently entered the public domain. Or maybe not ironic at all.

Source: Tom W. Bell
(It is a persistent myth, by the way, that allowing "Steamboat Willie"—itself a parody of a Buster Keaton film—to enter the public domain would mean the end of protection for Mickey Mouse. While freely copying those early cartoons would no longer violate Disney's rights, all the later works would still enjoy their full run of exclusive rights. And Disney's trademarks in its characters and character designs would greatly limit what others could do with Mickey beyond copying the public domain cartoons themselves. Trademarks are valid so long as consumers continue to associate them with a particular source—potentially forever.)

Irrational policy decisions produce unintended consequences. The successful campaign to continually and dramatically extend copyright is increasingly a pyrrhic victory for the content industry. By removing all of the safety valves against abuse of the "limited" monopoly, copyright, as Supreme Court Justice Breyer has argued in dissent, has effectively become permanent. The law is now rewritten solely to protect the interests of a few large rightsholders.

Yet traditional forms of legal enforcement have become nearly impossible. Consumers use a constant supply of disruptive technologies (the cloud, P2P protocols, encryption) to rebel against a dictatorial copyright regime. And the speed of innovation has long-since outstripped the speed of Congress and the courts. Most consumers now see themselves and each other not as lawbreakers but as freedom fighters. Copyright, in its current mutant form, is now firmly on the wrong side of history.

Next: How to Reset the Balance and Save Copyright from Itself

86 Comments

How Copyright Extension Undermined Copyright: The Copyright Of Parking (Part I)

from the parallel-parking dept

What do copyright and parking laws have in common?

The short answer: no one takes either very seriously.

According to a recent article in L.A. Magazine, only 10% of parking citations ever get written. Which is to say that 90% of the times that people park illegally, there are no consequences. Those who violate the increasingly strict parking rules in most U.S. cities are more likely to associate a ticket with bad luck or personal hostility against them than with the fact that they broke the law.

In other words, when you get a ticket, you don't feel guilty. You feel victimized. As John Van Horn, the editor of Parking Today, explains, low levels of enforcement undermine the deterrent intent of parking laws. "We break the law often and get away with it. Deep down inside we know that. What makes us mad is getting caught the few times we do. 'Ninety percent of drivers on this street got away scot-free today, but I get the ticket?' That makes us crazy."

Part of what drives us to rage at getting a ticket is that we don't actually believe parking should be illegal in the first place. The freedom to park wherever there's space is deeply ingrained in the American psyche if not the law. The invention of the parking meter in the late 1930's was greeted with near-riots across the country. Editorials railed against the new devices as "illegal," "immoral" and a "perversion." The Alabama state Supreme Court declared meters unconstitutional in 1937, and ordered them removed from Birmingham streets.

"I truly believe that when men and women think about parking, their mental capacity reverts to the reptilian cortex of the brain," says UCLA's Donald Shoup, perhaps the nation's only academic devoted to the study of parking.

A law that is rarely enforced—indeed, which is not cost-effective to enforce except sporadically—is no law at all. Which brings us to copyright.

Overprotective and largely unenforced rules, combined with a deep-rooted sense of entitlement, create an explosive combination. The problem is the same with parking and copyright. As copyright law becomes more strict, and its penalties more byzantine, Americans are less likely to make the effort to follow the rules, or to believe that new forms of technology-enabled copying are immoral in the first place.

We refuse to see our behavior as illegal, even when we know it is. Recent surveys by the Pew Research Center, for example, report that 72 percent of Americans between ages 18 and 29 "do not care whether the music they download onto their computers is copyrighted or not." Rightly or wrongly (if those terms even mean anything anymore in this context), the added penalties, extensions, and limits on copying, along with decreasing rates of successful enforcement, are making it less, not more, likely that Americans will obey the rules.

We are collectively living in a state of cognitive dissonance, uncomfortably embracing two conflicting beliefs at the same time. Copying is illegal. Copying is not wrong.

Where did we get the idea of a right to free content? In large part, from the content producers themselves. An older generation grew up with music, movies and television programs beamed directly to their televisions and transistor radios at no charge. Those consumers can't understand why saving content onto some medium and enjoying it again or later should suddenly transform a strongly-encouraged behavior into a felony.

A younger generation, raised on cheap Internet access, was likewise encouraged to enjoy all manner of copyrighted materials freely and frequently by content providers who wisely chose to rely, as their predecessors did, on advertising and other indirect revenue to pay their costs and generate profits. That's the message of newspapers, magazines, and broadcast networks who offer some or even all of their content without a paywall. And the movie industry teases consumers mercilessly with trailers, interviews, and production blogs that show just enough of upcoming movies to make us feel entitled to see the rest, one way or the other, the sooner the better.

Yet when fans enthusiastically encourage others to embrace their preferences by posting clips or copies of popular content to YouTube or by ripping CDs and DVDs to repeat their enjoyment on other devices, they instantly cross the legal line from well-trained consumers to dangerous criminals—even terrorists.

Copyright may be the law, in other words, but it no longer holds any moral authority with most consumers. There's no longer an ethical imperative to obey it or even understand it. Self-enforcement is fading, and the rules are so severe and so frequently violated that effective legal enforcement has become nearly impossible.

It's a meter, and we all know that the meter is rarely checked. Copyright is a law in name only—as obsolete and irrelevant as rules still on the books in some jurisdictions that regulate who can or must wear what kind of clothing.

Next: How making the law stronger makes the law weaker »

126 Comments