How Dare Google Send Belgian News Sites Traffic! Court Orders Them To Stop
from the not-getting-it dept
The issue of the legality of "deep linking" has gone on for many years -- and while we had hoped that, by now, people would realize why there should be nothing wrong with linking to any other page on the internet, it seems that's not the case. For some reason, the idea that having someone link to your news article is a good thing has been particularly difficult for certain Europeans to grasp. Denmark had a court case ruling deep linking illegal as did Germany, leading some to believe that linking to a website other than the front page was illegal throughout Europe. While a German court eventually overturned the ruling, it was Agence France Presse (AFP) that eventually sued Google News for brazenly daring to send traffic to their news articles.The latest such story also comes out of Europe. InsideGoogle point us to a court order in Belgium, demanding that Google remove all French and German language Belgium news stories from both Google News and regular Google's cache. As InsideGoogle notes, the court also demands that Google put up the entire text of the ruling without any commentary -- or face an additional fine. Reading through the details of the actual case, it's not entirely clear if the plaintiff really represents all French and German news publications in Belgium, but it's possible. However, the court's understanding of how Google works also seems a bit off, claiming that the mere scanning of news sites is in clear violation of copyright and damaging to the sites. Its reasoning is that Google News is actually a portal, rather than a search engine, and thus is impacting ad revenue. This ignores, of course, that Google News shows barely an excerpt of the story and sends plenty of people clicking through those links to the original news story. The court also seems to confuse Google's regular "cache" with Google News at points, never noting that Google does not offer cached versions on its News site. Either way, it's not clear how Google has responded, or how they will respond. A quick look at Google's site in Belgium shows that the text of the order is not currently present, though, from what little I can understand, it certainly looks like the press coverage of the story itself is all over the Belgian Google News.
In the meantime, though, you have to wonder if all the Belgian publications that are now facing removal from Google News and Google cache are all that happy that one of their best lead generators will now be banned. Remember, when the AFP was removed from Google News, a number of its partners were pissed off at all the traffic they lost. One of these days, perhaps, both courts and publishers will learn that having someone link to you is a good thing, especially when it's a site that people go to in order to look for exactly the type of content you produce.
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and the idiot parade continues...
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hot linking?
if you can stop 'hot linking' of images, and instead return a generic image. can't you do the same for whole pages? maybe returning your gateway page.
this is of course pointless, linking is how the web works.. but if you want to I'm sure you can stop deep linking.
of course suing google gets you publicity.
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I meen if www.whatever.com doesnt want google to link to its pages all it has to do is add a file in its root directory by the name robots.txt (or was it robot.txt)
inside it just has to add the code to deny googlebots to access its pages.
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Its not just publicity
They want all the Google is EVIL publicity they can get, so that when they launch their copetitor, it can be hailed as the EU's saviour from the evil american google.
Of course, its going to fail, and they will waste a lot of money in the meantime. (Just my opinion, mind you)
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this got my interest.. when was this article published... i am gonan go search this.... if true, then i agree with ure pov... *searching*
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Apparently the newspaper is using Google for marketing, but as soon as their name is known, they want bucks per view
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Re:
However, we do live in a capitalistic society so this is how things work. You have to maximize profit and that's all. You can't blame them for that, can you?
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Re: Re:
What's happening here is these newspapers are trying to apply old business models to a new technology (think MPAA/RIAA here). They can't do that. A good capitalist will be ever vigilant, she will find new business models with new technologies and she can possibly make more money with these technologies than with the old.
Instead of fighting in the market they go directly to the government and whine about their lack of understanding so that the government will fix all their problems. It's short term, short sighted and entirely selfish. It's an artifical strong arm in an other wise organic system.
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EU out to get US companies?
Granted, this case is an individual country, rather than the EU, but it does seem to be reflecting the same attitude that the EU gov has been pushing lately.
This attitude doesn't apply to all EU nations, but it does seem like some of the more vocal/powerful nations are echoing it.
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Re: EU out to get US companies?
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Deep Linking?
I mean, it's not like we try to define terms that even the author decides to put in quotes. Why bother? They should have the tenacity to read another paragraph to figure out what the hell the author's talking about!
At least this entry has paragraphs. Not enough, but it's a start.
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Most probably, governments and big companies are only interested in the part of Internet which generates direct and visible revenues, that is, websites which don't really need, or so they thnik, Internet to exist. Online shopping and some specific information services would be enough to make governments happy, and if the users had to make a direct, non-free, connection to these sites, it would be just perfect. The rest of it (forums, news sites, etc.) is likely seen as essentially dangerous.
The reason why these people don't understand the Internet economic model is probably because they don't like it in the first place. One swedish (ex-)minister is reported to have said in private that they (the governments) "shouldn't have set this thing (Internet) free in the first place".
A bit worrying...
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Political speculation is nonsense
The court's ruling is an interpretation of the copyright and intellectual property legislation that is implemented all over the EU and is pretty much identical to that of the US.
There has been a case in Holland in 2000 already where the news aggregator won:
http://www.ivir.nl/rechtspraak/kranten.com-english.html
(See also my own blog for analysis - I basically made the same remarks as Mike in his blog post)
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Google law suite, a french conspiracy
The french being the cowards that they are would never launch something like this. They choose to do it through a proxy, i.e. Belgium.
To prove it, what is the most common and official language in Belgium?
Oh those french, their still mad about the fact that A. English is more common, B. The colonies don't speak french and C. Even though they shoved it down our throats the metric system is a 'horrible' failure.
Don't even get me started on soccer, another french conspiracy...
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Re: Google law suite, a french conspiracy
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Re: Google law suite, a french conspiracy
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Ugh, too much southpark.
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Re: French Coward
If the Internet were to become this parced entity, it would be taking huge leaps backward in information evolution, and that's something that I don't think would truly benefit anyone.
But what do I know?
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why would you link to Belgian news sites?
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Internet Definition
It's a "network" or link between computers.
If they don't want access to their site; they can stop google from searching their site. Google allows web sites to stop their bot from searching their site. It would take less than 5 min. to do. Why are the courts even getting involved?
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Re: Internet Definition
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Deep-linking? Read the freaking order first
* Google Cache
* Google News, where excerpts of articles are presented without mention of or link to copyright terms, and without presenting stories in the way that original publishers did.
Remember, Google is not lifting this content for the common good, they are selling ads and making money off it -- newspapers ought to be concerned about them not getting that money in advertising themselves.
Yes, these sites may be losing traffic when Google stops sending them traffic, but that's their right to ask for it and, in the long-term, maybe a wise decision not to give away the content that they put together and be able to control how it's being displayed and monetized.
In any case, the copyright owners' decision to take, not Google's. "Don't be evil" could start by having a minimum of respect for other's property, immaterial though they may be.
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Re: Deep-linking and Don't Be Evil
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Re: Deep-linking? Read the freaking order first
I did read the order, and I disagree. It is very much about deep linking, and the nature of the language around the links.
Remember, Google is not lifting this content for the common good, they are selling ads and making money off it -- newspapers ought to be concerned about them not getting that money in advertising themselves.
Um. No. First of all, Google does not show ads on Google News, so that's false. Second, since it is only showing a fair use excerpt of the content, it's much more likely to drive a lot more traffic to the sites than it's going to take away from them. So your claim that it's taking away ad revenue is simply untrue.
Yes, these sites may be losing traffic when Google stops sending them traffic, but that's their right to ask for it and, in the long-term, maybe a wise decision not to give away the content that they put together and be able to control how it's being displayed and monetized.
I'm afraid that's not how the internet or copyright law is supposed to work. Imagine if Google had to get permission before it linked to any website? It would be useless.
In any case, the copyright owners' decision to take, not Google's. "Don't be evil" could start by having a minimum of respect for other's property, immaterial though they may be.
If they don't want to be listed, Google has procedures, such as robots.txt, to keep sites from being included in the index. Otherwise, it is perfectly reasonable to assume that anyone who puts content *online* on a *public* web server desires additional traffic. If not, then it is THEIR responsibility to prevent the traffic.
It amazes me that it's 2006 and we're still arguing about sites that are run by people so stupid that they don't want traffic.
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French and German
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Belgian News Company X decides to make its content available (as headlines, first few sentences, or whatever terms they establish) to Company A, Company B, and Company C. They charge A, B, and C fees for the privilege of having portal access to Company X's content, and A, B, and C make their money off of whatever services they offer their regular customers for making this current news material available (via subscription or whatever).
When Google puts that same type of content on its News site, it competes directly with A, B, and C - and puts all 3 of them at a distinct disadvantage because Google isn't paying a dime for that material. This means A, B, and C may decide to stop paying for their 'exclusive' access to said content - thereby resulting in Belgian News Company X losing revenues. Although Company X could also have a subscription service, where it could perhaps charge visitors a monthly/annual fee to gain access to its news articles, such a service would be in addition to its principle business revenue model - which is selling the headlines/access to news portal sites A, B, and C. And the risk to *that* business operation due to Google pissing off/killing off A, B, and C was the crux of the legal action.
The issue isn't about Google putting up a webpage with a plain old link to News Company X's website (along with a lengthy list of other News organizations' websites), because that *isn't* what Google is doing.
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German language Belgian newspapers
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You are taking words out of context, and are not even able to understand basic law texts and applications...
just a bag of trolls with no brain
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to share somthing
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to share somthing
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to share somthing
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Searching Sinlung location in china
Send us manmasiyearbook@rediffmail.com
Thank you,
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Research for Sinlung & Manmasi
I am searching Singlung Location in China & Manmasi kindred tribes and where they are?
Zote Location in Israel, hriler family in USA.
Who can help ?
I am waiting any body helps.
Thanking you all.
Timothy Z.Zote
Editor,
Manmasi Year Book
India,North East,
Contact me in this email: timothyzzote@rediffmail.com
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How Dare Google Send Belgian News Sites Traffic!
If they don't want traffic, they should take steps to prevent it.
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I'm Belgian
Some facts first:
A. There are around 4.2 millions of Frenchspeaking Belgians. +/- 200.000 Germanspeaking belgians
B. There are around 5 small regional newspapers behind copiepresse (the biggest should be around 200.000/400.000 unit sold per day).
C. Most of these newspapers are 60 years old. Some are 100+ years old.
Most of these newspapers are well known by their audience. They don't need any search engine to be found. I seriously doubt that Google generates any significant trafic to their web site.
Those claiming that it will hurt their business are simply wrong. It won't. Nobody outside of Belgium is interested by these regional news (in French).
It doesn't mean that I share their point of view, I simply try to bring some objectivity.
The true victim in my opinion is Internet. Connections have been lost and connections/links are the true meaning of Internet.
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Manmasian History
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Importants Years & Events In Manmasian History By
-Timothy Z. Zote
220 - 207 BC - Sinlung (China) settlement
200 - Migration From Sinlung (China)
98 - Shan (Myanmar) settlement
400 AD - Luopui Thiek Planted the famous Bungpui tree at the central part of Shan (Myanmar)
410 - Migration from Shan (Myanmar)
1203 - Hmars’ Migration to Mizoram
1228 - Age of Lalruong and Dawikungpui
1250 - Ancestors planted Khampat Bung (Myanmar)
1264 - Age of Tuoni and Neilal
1264 - Takam Chakma and Hmar Guerilla war.
1500-1600 - Sattlement at Lentlang.
1700 - The Hmars had settled down in Assam well before this time.
1700-1750 - The Luseis migrated en masse from Upper region
1765 - Lusei Chief Sibuta and Lalsavunga borned.
1770-1780 - The Raltes migrated en masse. Mizo Warrior Vanapa born
1780 - Hmar’s Migration to Manipur
1782 - Zo hero Vanapa died.
1825 - Zo hero Bengkhuaia born at Sailam, Mizoram
1830 - The Mizos invaded Sylhet and captured many slaves
1840 - Lalsavunga died. Sibuta also died and was replaced by Lalrihua
1843 - Vanpuilala born at Sentlang
1844 - Lalrihua died and was replaced by his son Lalsuthlaa
- Captain Black Wood captured Lalsuthlaa (Dec.9) and detained him
at Hajaribagh Jail.
1848 - Lalbura (Chief) born at Vancheng village
1850 - Delegates of Suakpuilala and Vuttaia Compromised with
Superintendent G.Verner at Silchar (Oct.)
1856 -59 - South and North First War (L&H).
1861 - The Age of Tuoltes
1861-62 - The First Mautam (Bamboo flowering-famine)
- Mizo pasaltha (warriors) invaded Adampur and
three other villages.
1863 - The heaviest period of Mautam (famine)
1864 - Suakpuilala and his Warriors invaded Monierkhal
1865 - The first Peace Talks between the Mizos and British Lt.Colonel
T.H.Lewin held
1866 - Rothangpuia and Tom Lewin singned an MoU
1867 - Suakpuilala and Vanpuilala invaded Manipur and Teperah (present Tripura)
1869 - Vanpuilala’s warriors attacked the Meiteis at Senvon and its outskirts
- The same year Vanpuilala died
1870 - Famous Zo Chief Vanhnuailiana died.
- A War between the West and the East broke out.
1871 - Winchester, the Manager of Alexandrapur Tea Estate killed
by some Zo guerrillas and his daughter Mary Winchester being
kidnapped from Assam (Jan. 21)
1871 - The first invasion/colonisation by the British India.(Mizoram)
1871 - The first war between British and Hmar.
- Mizo warrior Lalbura and his party invaded Monierkhal (Jan. 26)
- By November the Hindus hit back and the “Vailian” began
1872 - Mary Winchester being freed (rescued)
1872 - The first batch of Indian Army reached Champhai.
- The Hindu invaders reached Champhai,
stronghold of Vanhnuailiana
1873 - The first three Markets or Bazaar in Mizoram set-up at Changril,
Sanai and Tipaimukh (now Manipur)
1874 - Mizo chief Suakpuilala and Cachar’s Dy. Commissioner, McWilliams
Signed a non-invasion pact/treaty. (Mar. 28)
1875 - Thingtam or famine of trees /dying off or down of certain trees.
- The first Notification of Inner Line Permit made
1876 - The great (terrible) cyclone, great warrior Vuta died.
1877 - The war of the East and West
1879 - Bengkhuaia died
1880 - The Thing Tam / dying down or off of certain trees continues.
- Mizo great chief Suakpuilala died
1880-1882 - The second South and North War (L&R).
1882 - Comet sighted
- Mizo great warrior Taitesena born
1883 - Rangamati and Silchar invaded by Mizo warriors led by Lalchheua
1887 - The second Indian Invasion.
- Lianphunga and his warriors invaded Tuikuk
1888 - Pakuma Rana colony invaded by Lungliana and Nikhama’s warrior ;
Killed 21 Persons including the Rani and took into captive 13
others. (Dec.13)
1889 - The English missionary William Pettigrew entered Manipur.
- About 600 villagers from Lianphunga and Zahrawka villages
invaded Chitagong (Jan.8)
- The Second Hindu Invasion began
1890 - Aizawl fell under the British.
- Captain Brown killed by Kalkhama and friends (Sept. 9)
1891 - The British began colonising Lushai Hills.
1891 - William Pettigrew and his wife entered Manipur.
- The Asst. Political Officer Mr. J.Shakespeare began his
work/appointment (April 16)
1892 - The Mizos invaded Aizawl Fort.
- The Hindu burned Khawruhlian Village
- Dokula being arrested
1893 - The British set-up Fort at Serchhip
1894 - The great woman warrior of the Mizo, Queen Ropuiliani being captured
- Rev. F.W. Savidge and L.H. Lorraine introduced
Mizo A, AW, B. (ABC)
1895 - A mission school set up at Ukhrul (Manipur) and six Kukis were converted
into christian. They were the first convertees among the tribals in Manipur.
1896 - The DCs of North Lushai Hills, South Lushai Hills and
Chin Hills have a conference at Lunglei (Dec.14-18)
1897 - The Presbyterain Church of Mizoram founded.
- The North and South Lushai Hills came under one administration
- The first police station constructed at Aizawl
1898 - Aizawl was made the capital of Mizoram.
The first survey done in Mizoram
The first converted Christian from Manmasi of Mizo`s Viz, Khuma Hmar and Khara Khasi.
Mizoram included in Assam state.
- The Inner Lines Regulation Act, 1873 came into force at Lushai Hills.
1899 - The first District Jail built at Aizawl
- The first telephone line set-up
1900 - Queen Elizbeth`s memorial stone laid.
- The first post office set-up
1901 - The first census in Mizoram.
1902 - A Circle Interpreter appointed or commissioned.
The first Mizo newspaper “Mizo leh Vai” published.
- The Mizo chiefs alongwith J.Shakespeare meet the viceroy at Sikha village
1903. - Mizo Warrior Taitesena died.
1904 - Cachar Hill Tribe Synod founded/ established
- Western songs invaded Mizoram
1905 - Orange Cultivation Started
1906 - “Father of Hmar Literature” Dr. Thanglung born at Senvon, Manipur.
1907 - Independent Church of Maraland Founded.
- Puma’s songs invaded Mizoram
1908 - The first Hospital Set-up by the Welsh Mission at Pi Zaii’s Bangla
1910 - Abolition of slavery in Mizo society by Dr. Fraser (in Aizawl)
Evangelical Congregational Church of India (ECCI) founded in Manipur (May 7) Evangelical Assembly Church (EAC, NEIGM) founded in Manipur (May 7).
1910 - The Gospel reached Senvon, Manipur South brought by Watkin Roberts. The first convertee in Manipur south.
1910 - In Manipur south District (Tipaimukh) the number of converted Christian reached the 7,000 mark, Christianity spread wider.
- Aizawl bazaar set-up/came into being
1911 - The Second Mautam (bamboo flowering)
- The first Printing Press setup in Mizoram
1912 - The first Drama shown in Mizoram
- The great Mizo Chief Kairuma died at Biete Village
1914 - The First World War began.
1916 - The Banyan tree (Khampat Bungpui) branches touched the earth/soil.
1916-17 - The Salvation Army established.
1917 - 200 Mizos joined the Second World War in France
1918 - The First World War ended.
- Mizoram troops of the Second World War returned
1918 - The first copy of the New Testament in Mizo (Lushai)
1919 - The Great Plague hit Mizoram
1921 - The Gospel of John translated in Hmar.
- The Great Composer of Mizo Songs Mr.Saikuti died
1922 - The first Mizo Gospel song (orginal) composed
1923 - Pastor Thangngur composed his first Gospel song (hymn)
“Nunna Thianghlim Siamtu An Duh Loh Zionah”.
- The Zoram Presbytery divided into three regions
1924 - The English Missionaries settle at Durtlang
1925 - The first Roman Catholic Church in Mizoram founded
- Rev. F.J.Sande died at Durtlang
1927 - The first state wide competition in Mizoram.
Rev. (Dr) Rochunga Pudaite, founder of EFCI, born at Phulpui, Manipur (December)
- The First Scout set-up (July)
1928 - The first Hmar Subject (Buhmasa) published.
- The Mizo Zaipawl (choir) visited Sylhet
1929 - The Second thing tam.(dying off or down of trees)
1930 - The Independent Church (IC) came into being at Pherzawl The first conference under the leadership of field
Superintendent Mr. Lalnghinglova (April 6)
- Mizoram had the first Christian Cemetry.
1931 - The Fourth General Census of Mizoram
1932 - The Zakaia Pawl established
1933 - Boundary of Mizoram and Cachar re-checked, and amended
- The Great Mizo chief Lalbura died at Vancheng Village
1934 - Hmar Association came into being.
1935 - The young Lushai Association (YLA) Founded in June 15. It was changed into Young Mizo Association (YMA) in Oct. 1974.
- Mizo Zirlai Pawl (MZP) founded.
- Zillai (Vaiphei Student Association) Manipur founded.
- The Vaiphei People Council set up.
1936 - The first batch of Nurse Training. 12 persons attended
1938 - The Practice of Zawlbuk abolished.
1939 - The Hmar Student Association, Gen. Hqrs. Manipur came into being. HQ at Churachandpur.
The Mizo Chiefs set up a council.
The Second World War started.
- The first cottage Industry set-up
1941 - The first Hmar daily Newspaper “Hmasawnna” came into being.
1942 - Dr Hmar Tlawmte (HT) Sangliana born at Kulikawn, Aizawl, Mizoram.
- The Aizawl-Silchar track made motorable
1944 - Govt. Recognised the Nursing Institute
1945 - The Second World War ended.
The Hmar Literature Society founded on September 25.
- The first political party in Mizoram, Mizo Union came into being
1946 - The Seventh Day Adventis, Mizoram founded.
The Hmar New Testament released.
Mizo Hmeichhe Tangrual Pawl (MHTP) founded (Changed into Mizo Hmeichhe Insuikhawm Pawl (MHIP) on June 6, 1947.)
- Mizoram Govt. Service created (July 14)
- The first assembly of the Mizo Union held (Sept.24)
1947 - The Three Pace Dance (Pen Thum Lam) born or introduced
The Hmar Trading Company founded.
India became free (Independent)
- The Lushai Hills made a permanent district. of Assam, (July 18)
- United Freedom Organization set-up
1948 - The Mizo Union Movement started.
The Paite speaking people founded the Evangelical Conventional Church (ECC) at Pherzawl, Manipur and later changed its name to Evangelical Babtist Church (EBC) HQ at Churachandpur.
- Advisory Council elected
1949 - The Paite Tribe Council (PTC) founded on June 27.
The Manipur Gam Presbyterian founded at Saikot, Churachandpur, Manipur by the Zou people in March.
1948-50 - The United Penticostal Church, Mizoram founded.
1950 - The Aizawl-Lunglei Road made Jeepable
India became Republic.
1951 - Advisory Council abolished
1952 - The Aizawl Administrator changed into a Deputy Commissioner.
The Evangelical Church Association (ECA) came into being at Saikot conference of the NEIGM.
- The District Council Set-up (April 15)
- The first election of Dist. Council members (January 3-4)
1953. - The first Mizo MBBS Mr. Tlanglawma of Aizawl became the first Mizo Doctor.
Manipur Christian Organisation (MCO) founded on 13th December. Later changed into Evangelical Organisation Church (ECO), Churachandpur.
The Young Paite Association (YPA) founded on 3rd March.
The first visit of Mizoram by the Prime Minister.
The Pawi-Lakher Regional Council established.
The UPC Sub-Headquarters set up at Rawvakawt, Manipur.
The Aizawl - Lunglei Jeepable Road inaugurated by Prime Minister Pt Jawaharlal Nehru on 3rd. April.
1954 - Abolition of the Mizo Chiefs.
The Hmar National Congress (HNC) founded and later changed into Hmar National Union (HNU) on August 14.
The United Zomi Oraganisation (UZO) founded on 23rd May, Churachandpur, Manipur.
The Zou Literature Society (ZLS) founded in Churachandpur.
The Dist. Council court set up in Mizoram.
The Village Council set up in Mizoram. The Lushai Hills changed into Mizo District.
1954 - The Hmar Bible Translation Committee is set-up
1955 - Mary Winchester died at the age of 99
1956 - Upa Lengkhawm Pawl was born and later changed
its name to Zoram Upa Pawl in Jan. 4, 1961.
- The Kristien Hlabu (Hymnal Songs Book) merged with
the Tonic - solfa.
- When the Mizo Union was granted a District and named it as “Lushai Dist.” The Hmars who took the initiative part were neglected. The Hmar National Union (HNU) was born at Senvon on December 12 as a result.
- The Zoumi Sangnaupang Pawlpi (ZSP) came into being.
1957 - The Second election of Mizo Dist. Council (Jan. 25)
1958 - The Kuki Baptist Convention was born.
- The Synod press installed
1959 - The Hmar National Union (HNU) extended in
Cachar, Assam.
- The Holy Bible translated into Mizo.
- The first Gospel track in Mizo (Aug.6)
1960 - The first Zoram Presbyterian Women’s Conference
held (March 25-27)
- The 3rd Mautam.
1961 - The Mizo National Front (MNF) was born.
- The Jehova Witness born in Mizoram.
- The Chin Baptist Association, Manipur was born
1962 - The Assembly Church of God (AG) was born at Saidan.
1962 - The 3rd General Election in Mizoram.
- China invaded India.
- Independent Church changed into I.C.I.
- Dr. Thanglung, Father of Hmar Literature, died.(Mar. 31)
1963 - The Lairam Maicham (Israel) born in Mizoram.
- The Kuki Students Organisation (KSO) born in Manipur.
- The Hmar Arts and Cultural Society (HACS) born
in Manipur.
- Assam’s MLA election held. (April 23)
1964 - The first Mizo Woman to pass the MBBS; Ms. Lalengi
Khiangte of Lunglei, Mizoram.
- The Assembly of God Church set-up
1966 - The MNF Movement began in.Mizoram.
- The Pathian Fatir Kohran Set-up in Mizoram.
- Mizoram declared a disturbed area (Mar. 6)
1966 - The Zion Church of God( Israel) founded in Mizoram.
1967 - The Church of God, Mizoram founded.
- Village reorganization because of Disturbed Area Act.
1968 - The Mizo Literature Society, Manipur founded.
1968 - The first Hmar Holy Bible published.
- Institution for Women to learn the Gospel opened
1969 - The World-Wide Church of God,
- Mizoram founded/established.
- The first Competition of the Mizo Choirs. The competition was held at all the Synod presbytery
1970 - The Vaiphei Literature Society founded.
- The fourth Mizo Dist. Council election held. (Apr. 18)
1971 - The Isua Krista Kohhran (Red Cross), Mizoram Set-up.
- The Isua Krista Kohhran (White Cross), Mizoram Set-up
- The North Eastern Re-Organisation Act Passed.
1972 - The Evangelical Free Church of India (EFCI) started
to bear its name, June 3.
1972 - The Thlarau Bo Zawng Pawl founded in Mizoram.
- Mizoram became a Union Territory.
- The first flight in Mizoram.
- Mizoram State Legislative Assembly Set-up.
- The first MP (Member of Parliament’s) election (Feb.18)
1974 - The Jehova Jire Pathian Chhungte founded in Mizoram.
1975 - The Susan Kohran (The Temadianism) founded
in Mizoram.
1976 - The Pawl Lo Pawl set-up in Mizoram.
1977 - The Hmar People’s Federation set-up.
- The First Town Bus in Mizoram started plying.
- The Church of Faith (Rinna Kohran) founded in Mizoram.
1978 - The Lalchhungkua founded in Mizoram.
1979 - The Reformed Presbytrian Church (RPC)NEI
Set-up (March 13).
1980 - The Manipur University established.
1981 - The first exam of Hrangbana Commerce College.
1981 - The Pawiram Baptist Church Set-up / founded in Mizoram.
- Digging of the Bairabi Rail lines began.
- The Abraham Thuthlung Pawl founded in Mizoram.
- The Bairabi Rail line inaugurated.
1982 - The Serlui Micro Hydel Power Project foundation stone
laid by Brig.T.Sailo.
- The Mizo Youth of America founded.
- The Hmar Christian Musical Society founded (July 14.)
- The Foursquare Church Set-up in Mizoram.
- Fundamental Babtist Church founded in Mizoram.
1983 - The Zomi Youth Organisation (ZYO) founded.
- The Mission for Christ founded in Mizoram.
1984 - The Loktak Project began to operate.
- The Mizo People’s Convention, Manipur founded (Jan 14.)
1985 - TheYoung Vaiphei Association, Manipur
established (Aug.22).
- Construction of Tuirial Air-field began (May 20.)
- The Hmar Youth Association established (March 7.)
- The Manmasi Welfare Society Set-up.
1985 - The Nunna Lalchhungkua founded in Mizoram.
1986 - The MNF Volunteers returned from Jungle life (June 30.)
- The first flight from Tuirial - Calcutta (Kolkata.)
- The Hmar People’s Convention (HPC) born
(July 19.)
1987 - Mizoram became a State ( Feb.20)
- The Weslyan Methodist Church of North East India
set-up by Rev. Dr. Lalkhawlien.
- The Mizo Kohhran founded in Mizoram ( May 3.)
- The Messianic Israel Zionist Organisation
Set-up in Mizoram.
1987 - The Penticostal Reformed Church founded in Mizoram.
1988 - The heaviest rainfall in Mizoram.
- The Zo-Reunification Organisation (ZORO) founded.
- The Hmar Women’s Association founded (June 3.)
- The Delhi Hmar Christian Fellowship founded (Sept. 4.)
- The Kuki Khanglai Lawmpi founded (April 4.)
- The first Mizoram Chief Minister Ch. Chhunga died
(Aug. 24)
- Hmar People Conference set-up at Aizawl
1989 - Tipaimukh Dam Construction began.
- The Hmar language allowed as MIL Subject by
the Manipur Board of Secondary Education (BSEM) for Cl-X.
- Second Mizoram State Legislative Assembly election
1990 - MNF Founder President Mr. Laldenga died in
London (July 30.)
- The Manipur First Railways line, Jiribam- Silchar opened.
- All the Churches at Thenmuol merged and formed
The Local Church. First Pastor was Hmangdolien
Zote (Nov.16.)
1991 - Mizoram MP (Lok Sabha) election held
- Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi assassinated (May 21)
1992 - The first Hmar daily newspaper of National Standard
Size (print) SHAN DAILY Published.
- The great land-slides in Mizoram
1993 - Election to the 3rd Mizoram State Assembly held
- The Hmar People’s Convention (HPC) Movement’s
Golden period. Negotiations held at Aizawl.
1994 - The Mizoram Govt. and HPC signed an Accord ( July 27).
The same year HPC came over-ground.
- Sinlung Hills Development Council (SHDC) born
in Mizoram.
- HPC Volunteers returned Home
1995 - The Hmar Artists’ Association (HAA) set-up (Jan.9.)
- Mizoram declared a “dry-state” for the first time
1996 - Mizoram MP elections held
- MZP organized a Long-March from Aizawl to
Chawngte, walked on foot
- The Hmar Writers’ Association (HWA) founded (April 8.)
1997 - The Kuki-Paite Conflict (June 20.) broke out
. - The Zomi Council Set-up.
- The Hmar Christian Leaders’ Forum established.
- The Guwahati Hmar Welfare Association
set-up/founded (Feb.22.)
1998 - The MNF Manipur Sub-Hqr. set-up.
- The Hmar Inpui (Supreme House) set-up.
- Mizoram Assembly election held. (Fourth elections)
- Mizoram MP elections held (Feb.23)
1999 - The Indigenous Tribal Leaders Council
(ITLC) founded,Churachandpur, Manipur
- Mizoram MP elections held again (Sept. 25)
2000 - The Council of Higher Secondary Education
Manipur (CHSEM) allowed Hmar as MIL Subject
for Cl.-XII.
- The Second Hmar daily news National Standard size, “The Churachandpur Times” Published.
- Millenium Celebrated with great pomp and show.
2001 - Thadou-Kuki Students Union (TKSU) Set-up. (April 17.)
- The 8th Asssembly election to the Manipur
State Legislative
2002 - Manipur Academic Council
allowed Hmar Vernacular (MIL) at the
Graduate (BA) level.
- Revival in Mizoram, Speaker Lalfakawma
(Faktea) becomes very popular
- The largest Churches of the Hmars, the Independent
Church of India (ICI) and the Evangelical Free Church of India (EFCI) for the first time since separation meet at Sielmat and discussed about merger.
2003 - Hmar subject included in the Graduate (MIL) of 2003-04
academic Session.
- The 5th Mizoram State Legislative Assembly election
held (Nov. 20)
2003 - Hmar-Dimasa Conflict erupted in Assam.
- Hmar refugees reached Mizoram and Manipur. (The first phase of the Hmar refugees.)
2004 - The first phase of Hmar refugees returned
- The first Convocation of the Mizoram University
held. 314 persons were conferred Degree and 5 others conferred a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) President APJ Abudul Kalam Visited the University.
2005 - The Manmasi Year Book (Vol. 1) first issue released by
Prof. L.Fimate, Director, RIMS, at Rengkai Community hall.
- A Faith Healing Ministry conducted by Rev.
Father Mathew of the Roman Catholic, Kerala and
Dr. La Donna, Osborn Global Ministry, USA in
Mizoram where thousands were reported as healed.
- YMA declared “Ruihhlo Do Kum”
- The First State Level SIKPUIRUOI festival held at
Saikot, Churachandpur.
2006 - The Hmar refugees to SHDC, Mizoram
due to UNLF’s attrocities in Tipaimukh Sub-division.
- The Mizo People’s Forum Set-up in Mizoram as a
Common plateform for the Zo-Hnathlaks.
- The Hmar refugees returned from Mizoram to Manipur.
- The Army Chief J.J.Singh visited Singat, C.C.pur.
inaugurated the Military Civic Action.
- Jewish Mizos left Mizoram for Israel.
- President APJ Abdul Kalam visited Bunglon H/S C.C.Pur
Manipur and Mizoram Universities.
- Mizo Women Boxers; Jenny Lalremliani and Mary Kom
became World champions.
- Tipaimukh Dam’s foundation inaugurated by the Union
Power Minister
- Modern world dictator Saddam Hussein of Iraq hanged.
- Bru National Libration Front Surrendered
- Pioneer Mizo Singer and Writer of her own caliber Padma Shree Lalsangzuali Sailo died and Padma Shree R.Vanlawma also died.
- Hmar Gospel Singer Lalruotmawi of Rengkai, CCPur became popular in Mizoram through the “Mizoram for Christ Crusade” by the New Life Ministry.
- The Fourth Mautam begins.
[ link to this | view in chronology ]
Manmasi Inhabited Area Map,Important Years & Event
-Timothy Z. Zote
220 - 207 BC - Sinlung (China) settlement
200 - Migration From Sinlung (China)
98 - Shan (Myanmar) settlement
400 AD - Luopui Thiek Planted the famous Bungpui tree at the central part of Shan (Myanmar)
410 - Migration from Shan (Myanmar)
1203 - Hmars’ Migration to Mizoram
1228 - Age of Lalruong and Dawikungpui
1250 - Ancestors planted Khampat Bung (Myanmar)
1264 - Age of Tuoni and Neilal
1264 - Takam Chakma and Hmar Guerilla war.
1500-1600 - Sattlement at Lentlang.
1700 - The Hmars had settled down in Assam well before this time.
1700-1750 - The Luseis migrated en masse from Upper region
1765 - Lusei Chief Sibuta and Lalsavunga borned.
1770-1780 - The Raltes migrated en masse. Mizo Warrior Vanapa born
1780 - Hmar’s Migration to Manipur
1782 - Zo hero Vanapa died.
1825 - Zo hero Bengkhuaia born at Sailam, Mizoram
1830 - The Mizos invaded Sylhet and captured many slaves
1840 - Lalsavunga died. Sibuta also died and was replaced by Lalrihua
1843 - Vanpuilala born at Sentlang
1844 - Lalrihua died and was replaced by his son Lalsuthlaa
- Captain Black Wood captured Lalsuthlaa (Dec.9) and detained him
at Hajaribagh Jail.
1848 - Lalbura (Chief) born at Vancheng village
1850 - Delegates of Suakpuilala and Vuttaia Compromised with
Superintendent G.Verner at Silchar (Oct.)
1856 -59 - South and North First War (L&H).
1861 - The Age of Tuoltes
1861-62 - The First Mautam (Bamboo flowering-famine)
- Mizo pasaltha (warriors) invaded Adampur and
three other villages.
1863 - The heaviest period of Mautam (famine)
1864 - Suakpuilala and his Warriors invaded Monierkhal
1865 - The first Peace Talks between the Mizos and British Lt.Colonel
T.H.Lewin held
1866 - Rothangpuia and Tom Lewin singned an MoU
1867 - Suakpuilala and Vanpuilala invaded Manipur and Teperah (present Tripura)
1869 - Vanpuilala’s warriors attacked the Meiteis at Senvon and its outskirts
- The same year Vanpuilala died
1870 - Famous Zo Chief Vanhnuailiana died.
- A War between the West and the East broke out.
1871 - Winchester, the Manager of Alexandrapur Tea Estate killed
by some Zo guerrillas and his daughter Mary Winchester being
kidnapped from Assam (Jan. 21)
1871 - The first invasion/colonisation by the British India.(Mizoram)
1871 - The first war between British and Hmar.
- Mizo warrior Lalbura and his party invaded Monierkhal (Jan. 26)
- By November the Hindus hit back and the “Vailian” began
1872 - Mary Winchester being freed (rescued)
1872 - The first batch of Indian Army reached Champhai.
- The Hindu invaders reached Champhai,
stronghold of Vanhnuailiana
1873 - The first three Markets or Bazaar in Mizoram set-up at Changril,
Sanai and Tipaimukh (now Manipur)
1874 - Mizo chief Suakpuilala and Cachar’s Dy. Commissioner, McWilliams
Signed a non-invasion pact/treaty. (Mar. 28)
1875 - Thingtam or famine of trees /dying off or down of certain trees.
- The first Notification of Inner Line Permit made
1876 - The great (terrible) cyclone, great warrior Vuta died.
1877 - The war of the East and West
1879 - Bengkhuaia died
1880 - The Thing Tam / dying down or off of certain trees continues.
- Mizo great chief Suakpuilala died
1880-1882 - The second South and North War (L&R).
1882 - Comet sighted
- Mizo great warrior Taitesena born
1883 - Rangamati and Silchar invaded by Mizo warriors led by Lalchheua
1887 - The second Indian Invasion.
- Lianphunga and his warriors invaded Tuikuk
1888 - Pakuma Rana colony invaded by Lungliana and Nikhama’s warrior ;
Killed 21 Persons including the Rani and took into captive 13
others. (Dec.13)
1889 - The English missionary William Pettigrew entered Manipur.
- About 600 villagers from Lianphunga and Zahrawka villages
invaded Chitagong (Jan.8)
- The Second Hindu Invasion began
1890 - Aizawl fell under the British.
- Captain Brown killed by Kalkhama and friends (Sept. 9)
1891 - The British began colonising Lushai Hills.
1891 - William Pettigrew and his wife entered Manipur.
- The Asst. Political Officer Mr. J.Shakespeare began his
work/appointment (April 16)
1892 - The Mizos invaded Aizawl Fort.
- The Hindu burned Khawruhlian Village
- Dokula being arrested
1893 - The British set-up Fort at Serchhip
1894 - The great woman warrior of the Mizo, Queen Ropuiliani being captured
- Rev. F.W. Savidge and L.H. Lorraine introduced
Mizo A, AW, B. (ABC)
1895 - A mission school set up at Ukhrul (Manipur) and six Kukis were converted
into christian. They were the first convertees among the tribals in Manipur.
1896 - The DCs of North Lushai Hills, South Lushai Hills and
Chin Hills have a conference at Lunglei (Dec.14-18)
1897 - The Presbyterain Church of Mizoram founded.
- The North and South Lushai Hills came under one administration
- The first police station constructed at Aizawl
1898 - Aizawl was made the capital of Mizoram.
The first survey done in Mizoram
The first converted Christian from Manmasi of Mizo`s Viz, Khuma Hmar and Khara Khasi.
Mizoram included in Assam state.
- The Inner Lines Regulation Act, 1873 came into force at Lushai Hills.
1899 - The first District Jail built at Aizawl
- The first telephone line set-up
1900 - Queen Elizbeth`s memorial stone laid.
- The first post office set-up
1901 - The first census in Mizoram.
1902 - A Circle Interpreter appointed or commissioned.
The first Mizo newspaper “Mizo leh Vai” published.
- The Mizo chiefs alongwith J.Shakespeare meet the viceroy at Sikha village
1903. - Mizo Warrior Taitesena died.
1904 - Cachar Hill Tribe Synod founded/ established
- Western songs invaded Mizoram
1905 - Orange Cultivation Started
1906 - “Father of Hmar Literature” Dr. Thanglung born at Senvon, Manipur.
1907 - Independent Church of Maraland Founded.
- Puma’s songs invaded Mizoram
1908 - The first Hospital Set-up by the Welsh Mission at Pi Zaii’s Bangla
1910 - Abolition of slavery in Mizo society by Dr. Fraser (in Aizawl)
Evangelical Congregational Church of India (ECCI) founded in Manipur (May 7) Evangelical Assembly Church (EAC, NEIGM) founded in Manipur (May 7).
1910 - The Gospel reached Senvon, Manipur South brought by Watkin Roberts. The first convertee in Manipur south.
1910 - In Manipur south District (Tipaimukh) the number of converted Christian reached the 7,000 mark, Christianity spread wider.
- Aizawl bazaar set-up/came into being
1911 - The Second Mautam (bamboo flowering)
- The first Printing Press setup in Mizoram
1912 - The first Drama shown in Mizoram
- The great Mizo Chief Kairuma died at Biete Village
1914 - The First World War began.
1916 - The Banyan tree (Khampat Bungpui) branches touched the earth/soil.
1916-17 - The Salvation Army established.
1917 - 200 Mizos joined the Second World War in France
1918 - The First World War ended.
- Mizoram troops of the Second World War returned
1918 - The first copy of the New Testament in Mizo (Lushai)
1919 - The Great Plague hit Mizoram
1921 - The Gospel of John translated in Hmar.
- The Great Composer of Mizo Songs Mr.Saikuti died
1922 - The first Mizo Gospel song (orginal) composed
1923 - Pastor Thangngur composed his first Gospel song (hymn)
“Nunna Thianghlim Siamtu An Duh Loh Zionah”.
- The Zoram Presbytery divided into three regions
1924 - The English Missionaries settle at Durtlang
1925 - The first Roman Catholic Church in Mizoram founded
- Rev. F.J.Sande died at Durtlang
1927 - The first state wide competition in Mizoram.
Rev. (Dr) Rochunga Pudaite, founder of EFCI, born at Phulpui, Manipur (December)
- The First Scout set-up (July)
1928 - The first Hmar Subject (Buhmasa) published.
- The Mizo Zaipawl (choir) visited Sylhet
1929 - The Second thing tam.(dying off or down of trees)
1930 - The Independent Church (IC) came into being at Pherzawl The first conference under the leadership of field
Superintendent Mr. Lalnghinglova (April 6)
- Mizoram had the first Christian Cemetry.
1931 - The Fourth General Census of Mizoram
1932 - The Zakaia Pawl established
1933 - Boundary of Mizoram and Cachar re-checked, and amended
- The Great Mizo chief Lalbura died at Vancheng Village
1934 - Hmar Association came into being.
1935 - The young Lushai Association (YLA) Founded in June 15. It was changed into Young Mizo Association (YMA) in Oct. 1974.
- Mizo Zirlai Pawl (MZP) founded.
- Zillai (Vaiphei Student Association) Manipur founded.
- The Vaiphei People Council set up.
1936 - The first batch of Nurse Training. 12 persons attended
1938 - The Practice of Zawlbuk abolished.
1939 - The Hmar Student Association, Gen. Hqrs. Manipur came into being. HQ at Churachandpur.
The Mizo Chiefs set up a council.
The Second World War started.
- The first cottage Industry set-up
1941 - The first Hmar daily Newspaper “Hmasawnna” came into being.
1942 - Dr Hmar Tlawmte (HT) Sangliana born at Kulikawn, Aizawl, Mizoram.
- The Aizawl-Silchar track made motorable
1944 - Govt. Recognised the Nursing Institute
1945 - The Second World War ended.
The Hmar Literature Society founded on September 25.
- The first political party in Mizoram, Mizo Union came into being
1946 - The Seventh Day Adventis, Mizoram founded.
The Hmar New Testament released.
Mizo Hmeichhe Tangrual Pawl (MHTP) founded (Changed into Mizo Hmeichhe Insuikhawm Pawl (MHIP) on June 6, 1947.)
- Mizoram Govt. Service created (July 14)
- The first assembly of the Mizo Union held (Sept.24)
1947 - The Three Pace Dance (Pen Thum Lam) born or introduced
The Hmar Trading Company founded.
India became free (Independent)
- The Lushai Hills made a permanent district. of Assam, (July 18)
- United Freedom Organization set-up
1948 - The Mizo Union Movement started.
The Paite speaking people founded the Evangelical Conventional Church (ECC) at Pherzawl, Manipur and later changed its name to Evangelical Babtist Church (EBC) HQ at Churachandpur.
- Advisory Council elected
1949 - The Paite Tribe Council (PTC) founded on June 27.
The Manipur Gam Presbyterian founded at Saikot, Churachandpur, Manipur by the Zou people in March.
1948-50 - The United Penticostal Church, Mizoram founded.
1950 - The Aizawl-Lunglei Road made Jeepable
India became Republic.
1951 - Advisory Council abolished
1952 - The Aizawl Administrator changed into a Deputy Commissioner.
The Evangelical Church Association (ECA) came into being at Saikot conference of the NEIGM.
- The District Council Set-up (April 15)
- The first election of Dist. Council members (January 3-4)
1953. - The first Mizo MBBS Mr. Tlanglawma of Aizawl became the first Mizo Doctor.
Manipur Christian Organisation (MCO) founded on 13th December. Later changed into Evangelical Organisation Church (ECO), Churachandpur.
The Young Paite Association (YPA) founded on 3rd March.
The first visit of Mizoram by the Prime Minister.
The Pawi-Lakher Regional Council established.
The UPC Sub-Headquarters set up at Rawvakawt, Manipur.
The Aizawl - Lunglei Jeepable Road inaugurated by Prime Minister Pt Jawaharlal Nehru on 3rd. April.
1954 - Abolition of the Mizo Chiefs.
The Hmar National Congress (HNC) founded and later changed into Hmar National Union (HNU) on August 14.
The United Zomi Oraganisation (UZO) founded on 23rd May, Churachandpur, Manipur.
The Zou Literature Society (ZLS) founded in Churachandpur.
The Dist. Council court set up in Mizoram.
The Village Council set up in Mizoram. The Lushai Hills changed into Mizo District.
1954 - The Hmar Bible Translation Committee is set-up
1955 - Mary Winchester died at the age of 99
1956 - Upa Lengkhawm Pawl was born and later changed
its name to Zoram Upa Pawl in Jan. 4, 1961.
- The Kristien Hlabu (Hymnal Songs Book) merged with
the Tonic - solfa.
- When the Mizo Union was granted a District and named it as “Lushai Dist.” The Hmars who took the initiative part were neglected. The Hmar National Union (HNU) was born at Senvon on December 12 as a result.
- The Zoumi Sangnaupang Pawlpi (ZSP) came into being.
1957 - The Second election of Mizo Dist. Council (Jan. 25)
1958 - The Kuki Baptist Convention was born.
- The Synod press installed
1959 - The Hmar National Union (HNU) extended in
Cachar, Assam.
- The Holy Bible translated into Mizo.
- The first Gospel track in Mizo (Aug.6)
1960 - The first Zoram Presbyterian Women’s Conference
held (March 25-27)
- The 3rd Mautam.
1961 - The Mizo National Front (MNF) was born.
- The Jehova Witness born in Mizoram.
- The Chin Baptist Association, Manipur was born
1962 - The Assembly Church of God (AG) was born at Saidan.
1962 - The 3rd General Election in Mizoram.
- China invaded India.
- Independent Church changed into I.C.I.
- Dr. Thanglung, Father of Hmar Literature, died.(Mar. 31)
1963 - The Lairam Maicham (Israel) born in Mizoram.
- The Kuki Students Organisation (KSO) born in Manipur.
- The Hmar Arts and Cultural Society (HACS) born
in Manipur.
- Assam’s MLA election held. (April 23)
1964 - The first Mizo Woman to pass the MBBS; Ms. Lalengi
Khiangte of Lunglei, Mizoram.
- The Assembly of God Church set-up
1966 - The MNF Movement began in.Mizoram.
- The Pathian Fatir Kohran Set-up in Mizoram.
- Mizoram declared a disturbed area (Mar. 6)
1966 - The Zion Church of God( Israel) founded in Mizoram.
1967 - The Church of God, Mizoram founded.
- Village reorganization because of Disturbed Area Act.
1968 - The Mizo Literature Society, Manipur founded.
1968 - The first Hmar Holy Bible published.
- Institution for Women to learn the Gospel opened
1969 - The World-Wide Church of God,
- Mizoram founded/established.
- The first Competition of the Mizo Choirs. The competition was held at all the Synod presbytery
1970 - The Vaiphei Literature Society founded.
- The fourth Mizo Dist. Council election held. (Apr. 18)
1971 - The Isua Krista Kohhran (Red Cross), Mizoram Set-up.
- The Isua Krista Kohhran (White Cross), Mizoram Set-up
- The North Eastern Re-Organisation Act Passed.
1972 - The Evangelical Free Church of India (EFCI) started
to bear its name, June 3.
1972 - The Thlarau Bo Zawng Pawl founded in Mizoram.
- Mizoram became a Union Territory.
- The first flight in Mizoram.
- Mizoram State Legislative Assembly Set-up.
- The first MP (Member of Parliament’s) election (Feb.18)
1974 - The Jehova Jire Pathian Chhungte founded in Mizoram.
1975 - The Susan Kohran (The Temadianism) founded
in Mizoram.
1976 - The Pawl Lo Pawl set-up in Mizoram.
1977 - The Hmar People’s Federation set-up.
- The First Town Bus in Mizoram started plying.
- The Church of Faith (Rinna Kohran) founded in Mizoram.
1978 - The Lalchhungkua founded in Mizoram.
1979 - The Reformed Presbytrian Church (RPC)NEI
Set-up (March 13).
1980 - The Manipur University established.
1981 - The first exam of Hrangbana Commerce College.
1981 - The Pawiram Baptist Church Set-up / founded in Mizoram.
- Digging of the Bairabi Rail lines began.
- The Abraham Thuthlung Pawl founded in Mizoram.
- The Bairabi Rail line inaugurated.
1982 - The Serlui Micro Hydel Power Project foundation stone
laid by Brig.T.Sailo.
- The Mizo Youth of America founded.
- The Hmar Christian Musical Society founded (July 14.)
- The Foursquare Church Set-up in Mizoram.
- Fundamental Babtist Church founded in Mizoram.
1983 - The Zomi Youth Organisation (ZYO) founded.
- The Mission for Christ founded in Mizoram.
1984 - The Loktak Project began to operate.
- The Mizo People’s Convention, Manipur founded (Jan 14.)
1985 - TheYoung Vaiphei Association, Manipur
established (Aug.22).
- Construction of Tuirial Air-field began (May 20.)
- The Hmar Youth Association established (March 7.)
- The Manmasi Welfare Society Set-up.
1985 - The Nunna Lalchhungkua founded in Mizoram.
1986 - The MNF Volunteers returned from Jungle life (June 30.)
- The first flight from Tuirial - Calcutta (Kolkata.)
- The Hmar People’s Convention (HPC) born
(July 19.)
1987 - Mizoram became a State ( Feb.20)
- The Weslyan Methodist Church of North East India
set-up by Rev. Dr. Lalkhawlien.
- The Mizo Kohhran founded in Mizoram ( May 3.)
- The Messianic Israel Zionist Organisation
Set-up in Mizoram.
1987 - The Penticostal Reformed Church founded in Mizoram.
1988 - The heaviest rainfall in Mizoram.
- The Zo-Reunification Organisation (ZORO) founded.
- The Hmar Women’s Association founded (June 3.)
- The Delhi Hmar Christian Fellowship founded (Sept. 4.)
- The Kuki Khanglai Lawmpi founded (April 4.)
- The first Mizoram Chief Minister Ch. Chhunga died
(Aug. 24)
- Hmar People Conference set-up at Aizawl
1989 - Tipaimukh Dam Construction began.
- The Hmar language allowed as MIL Subject by
the Manipur Board of Secondary Education (BSEM) for Cl-X.
- Second Mizoram State Legislative Assembly election
1990 - MNF Founder President Mr. Laldenga died in
London (July 30.)
- The Manipur First Railways line, Jiribam- Silchar opened.
- All the Churches at Thenmuol merged and formed
The Local Church. First Pastor was Hmangdolien
Zote (Nov.16.)
1991 - Mizoram MP (Lok Sabha) election held
- Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi assassinated (May 21)
1992 - The first Hmar daily newspaper of National Standard
Size (print) SHAN DAILY Published.
- The great land-slides in Mizoram
1993 - Election to the 3rd Mizoram State Assembly held
- The Hmar People’s Convention (HPC) Movement’s
Golden period. Negotiations held at Aizawl.
1994 - The Mizoram Govt. and HPC signed an Accord ( July 27).
The same year HPC came over-ground.
- Sinlung Hills Development Council (SHDC) born
in Mizoram.
- HPC Volunteers returned Home
1995 - The Hmar Artists’ Association (HAA) set-up (Jan.9.)
- Mizoram declared a “dry-state” for the first time
1996 - Mizoram MP elections held
- MZP organized a Long-March from Aizawl to
Chawngte, walked on foot
- The Hmar Writers’ Association (HWA) founded (April 8.)
1997 - The Kuki-Paite Conflict (June 20.) broke out
. - The Zomi Council Set-up.
- The Hmar Christian Leaders’ Forum established.
- The Guwahati Hmar Welfare Association
set-up/founded (Feb.22.)
1998 - The MNF Manipur Sub-Hqr. set-up.
- The Hmar Inpui (Supreme House) set-up.
- Mizoram Assembly election held. (Fourth elections)
- Mizoram MP elections held (Feb.23)
1999 - The Indigenous Tribal Leaders Council
(ITLC) founded,Churachandpur, Manipur
- Mizoram MP elections held again (Sept. 25)
2000 - The Council of Higher Secondary Education
Manipur (CHSEM) allowed Hmar as MIL Subject
for Cl.-XII.
- The Second Hmar daily news National Standard size, “The Churachandpur Times” Published.
- Millenium Celebrated with great pomp and show.
2001 - Thadou-Kuki Students Union (TKSU) Set-up. (April 17.)
- The 8th Asssembly election to the Manipur
State Legislative
2002 - Manipur Academic Council
allowed Hmar Vernacular (MIL) at the
Graduate (BA) level.
- Revival in Mizoram, Speaker Lalfakawma
(Faktea) becomes very popular
- The largest Churches of the Hmars, the Independent
Church of India (ICI) and the Evangelical Free Church of India (EFCI) for the first time since separation meet at Sielmat and discussed about merger.
2003 - Hmar subject included in the Graduate (MIL) of 2003-04
academic Session.
- The 5th Mizoram State Legislative Assembly election
held (Nov. 20)
2003 - Hmar-Dimasa Conflict erupted in Assam.
- Hmar refugees reached Mizoram and Manipur. (The first phase of the Hmar refugees.)
2004 - The first phase of Hmar refugees returned
- The first Convocation of the Mizoram University
held. 314 persons were conferred Degree and 5 others conferred a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) President APJ Abudul Kalam Visited the University.
2005 - The Manmasi Year Book (Vol. 1) first issue released by
Prof. L.Fimate, Director, RIMS, at Rengkai Community hall.
- A Faith Healing Ministry conducted by Rev.
Father Mathew of the Roman Catholic, Kerala and
Dr. La Donna, Osborn Global Ministry, USA in
Mizoram where thousands were reported as healed.
- YMA declared “Ruihhlo Do Kum”
- The First State Level SIKPUIRUOI festival held at
Saikot, Churachandpur.
2006 - The Hmar refugees to SHDC, Mizoram
due to UNLF’s attrocities in Tipaimukh Sub-division.
- The Mizo People’s Forum Set-up in Mizoram as a
Common plateform for the Zo-Hnathlaks.
- The Hmar refugees returned from Mizoram to Manipur.
- The Army Chief J.J.Singh visited Singat, C.C.pur.
inaugurated the Military Civic Action.
- Jewish Mizos left Mizoram for Israel.
- President APJ Abdul Kalam visited Bunglon H/S C.C.Pur
Manipur and Mizoram Universities.
- Mizo Women Boxers; Jenny Lalremliani and Mary Kom
became World champions.
- Tipaimukh Dam’s foundation inaugurated by the Union
Power Minister
- Modern world dictator Saddam Hussein of Iraq hanged.
- Bru National Libration Front Surrendered
- Pioneer Mizo Singer and Writer of her own caliber Padma Shree Lalsangzuali Sailo died and Padma Shree R.Vanlawma also died.
- Hmar Gospel Singer Lalruotmawi of Rengkai, CCPur became popular in Mizoram through the “Mizoram for Christ Crusade” by the New Life Ministry.
- The Fourth Mautam begins.
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Timothy Story
Ka thil hmu le ka hriet dan ka ziek a nih.
Joseph Joute,
RETHEI LEIIN MAW?
(Video C D Cassette Review)
- Joseph Joute, Journalist.
Lungrila tiemin, tawngtaina leh tiem la, hlawkpui tum ngei rawh le.
Bat hi Sawrkar khawma a nei a, that tumna le bat leia lungina khum ti hi a um ngai hriet ding a vang hle. Amiruokchu tulai ei ramah bat leia hringna chen sukderthawngtu an um zau zau ta tlat. Drugs thaw le Aids kaihai Society-in a enkawla vangduoina tuoka harsa ta em em le hringna chen derthawnga bat rul thei ta si lo hai hi, Human Rights chun a thlau thlak bik ring a um naw a, Mautam harsatna le medical treatment ei mamaw nasan ngaituoin dam ei nuom leia harsatnaa inthawka an fihlim theina dinga ti a ni a, chuong ang naw deu vangduoina leia Leibatna rul hlei thei lo va, dam zing si le beidawng taka hring nun hmanghai hi a ieng am ngai pawimaw ding le ngaipawmaw lo ding thlier thiem an tak wm ngei.Bible chun “tuo iengkhatkhawm bat naw ro, hmangaina chau naw chu” Tulai hin bat inthin dan mawi lo le insumna um lo va thaw nawk nawk hi an um ta a.Hieng hi chu Kristien rama tlung ding chun an hme naw hle. Chun, Israel hunah khan chu Jubilee dar dam vuoin Saltang lei bat nei hai inngaidamna dar kum 25 dam le kum tiem dan hrang hrang hmangin an lo vuok hlak niin Bibleah ei hmu.
Mihriem hi san hran hran leiin an hausa theiin an rethei pha bawk a. Retheina le hausakna kakhawk chu an ang naw char char hle. Rethei leia leibat thung thei naw leiin lungril sawlin tam tak chu, abikin vai ramah, an inkhai hlum tuk tuk laiin hausakna chu ruol tha a hau va, lekhathiem lo, A, B, C, hre lo khawm nisien a nei leiin “Var” a hlaw tho tho a, mivar tak khawm rethei leiin “Mawl” a hlaw thei bawk.
Ei Bible-in “Pawisain ruol tehlem siem la,” a ti le “Paisa leiin ruol tha tak le unau khawm an inhmelma thei” thuvarin a ti hi chu an dik bek bek niin ka hriet.
Thilmak ve tak pakhat chu; Ram le hnam hmangaitu indiktak, mania thahnemngaina tak neia nei ang ang seng huom hai hi an rethei nuom vieu a nih. Zieka Ram le hnam ta dinga rawngbawltuhai khawm neinung vek vawk an tam naw hle. Thahnemngai taluo leiin leibat hi a lo in nei teu thei a nih.
Chuonglai zing chun, khawvela rinum tak chu retheina nek hmana Leibat nei hi a nih. Mi leibat ei nei chun khawlai khawm um inla an hawi nawh. Ieng thil khawm thaw inla hlimna tak tak a um thei nawh. In-a um tawk tawk nuom khawm a, leibat a tu tak am a hung lut ding, bat thin an hung pha iem ka hril ding, tiin lungril a sawl a, hadam rawnga um a harsa em em ringawt el a nih.
Tam tak chu an tlanhmang a, an inkhai hlum naw leh inruithei tieng dam, ramhnuoimi le suolna tieng dam an pakai dai hi thil awm tak a nih.
Kawng dangah, pawisa ei nei chun khawlai khawm um inla an hawi a, Confident nei deuvin ei um thei ve tlat! Pawisa hi ei pai zing chun an hawi a, mansa a ruok chun ruol laia um khawm an hawi nawh.
THAHNEM NGAI LEIA RETHEI :
Thahnemngai em em, thaw fuk naw leia rethei pha amani leibat nei teuva “bankrupt” pha der khawm hi um thei a nih. Chuong ang kawnga “case in Point nia ka hriet chu, ka unaupa Timothy Z. Zote, Editor, Manmasi Year Book hi niin ka hriet.
A chanchin hin ka lungril a them thei em em a, a thahnemngainaah inpak a um zing laiin a nghirhmun (a insung ) ka enin, iengkhawm ka ni bik nawa chu ka lunginsiet em em a, chun, kawng iemani zat ka lo pal tlang ang hung pal ve niin ka hmu leiin lai ana naw thei naw a, ka hung ziek el a na, a lo hrietthiem tha ka ring.
A tlangval laia inthawka ram le hnam ta dinga piengthar indiktak, a thiemna le a neina tlin baka thil thaw ngam le thaw thei mi a ni ve a. A lam tluong hraw hi ka hmu ve vawng a, beisei naw ang tak ngirhmun a hang ngir hi asan iem ning a ti aw ka ti vawng vawng hlak.Mi huoisen a nina hin ami thuoi har pha hlak bawk.
Mi inngaitlawm em em, mi biek thiem deu el, mi hnuoia kun hi a thiem em em a. A tawngbau thiem leiin thil ei thaw nuom rak rak naw khawma min thawtir thei mi a nih. Vision khawm hi a nei tha thei a. Chu vision chun a thuoi hlak a, la hlawtling hun chu nei ngei ngei a tih.
Journalism hi an hnik ve em em a, ram le hnam ta dinga contribution nei dan khawm a hrietin thiem tak a nih. Amiruokchu, Journalist ni ding chun rinumna intem hmasak a tul ti le, hnam rawngbawlna hi sawl um tak a nih, ti hi a hung hrawa a hriet tan chau niin an lang. Journalistic work neka sawlum le inhawi si, thil thaw thei vieu bawk si, sin dang a um nawh.
Timothy Z. Zote khawm hi a lungril chu; iengtinam ram le hnam ta dingin tangkai thei ka ta, hnam hi iengtin am sukvul pei thei ka ta, tihai a ni a. Thei le thei lovin an chuk a, B.A (Hns) Sociologyzoin tuhin M.A Second Years thaw lai mek a ni a, Human Rigths khawm a lo zo ta bawk (CHR).
Manmasi thla (Kuki, Chin, Mizo, Hmar ) haiin ei la nei ngai thak lo, MANMASI YEAR BOOK” tiin a bul a hang tan a. Research 1994-a inthawkin tanin sum khawm tamtak pukin zawr suma inthawka rul nawk beiseiin kum tam tak a lo inrimpui ta chu 2005 khan Vol.- I a buotsai a, 2006 – 2007 Vol – II insuo nawkin Regd. No. No. RNI 18080/2006 mi tam takin kum iemani zat khawma an hmu thei lo chu kum khat sungin a hmu thei a. A tira inthawka a chanchin hretu ka ni a, a hlawkna ding neka hnam ta dinga thil hlu a ngaituonain a thuoi niin ka hriet.Hi hi a nih a huoisenna nia ka hriet chu.
YEAR BOOK chu ei hlutsaka, amiruokchu, a buoipuitupa sawlna le hlutna chu ei hmu chieng naw hle niin ka hriet. Hnam dang hman hmanin an hlutsak thiem lem.
La hang hril sei met inla; hming a hung ser tana, a hung hlawtling pei ding anga an lang laiin ti naw tieng thil a hung inhem el tah niin an lang.
Nuhmei le nau nei chun, fak zawng naw thei hlak ni lo,. iemani chang chu an insung bahla rak khawpin ram le hnam ta dingin thahnem ngaiin a thaw a, insung tieng a bahla rawn hle.Sociology-a (Hns) lo la a ni leia mani ding. Sociolagy mi langsar hai chu tuorna le inrimnain hun an lo hmang nasa hle ang kha, ang ka ti hiel hlak. A harsatna hi hril suok zo lo deu thawa a harsat chang a um hlak bawk.
Hieng lai zing hin LICI Agent a nina le inzawmin tulai hnai el khan Distinguished Club Member-a inthawkin Branch Manager Club Member ah a sinthaw that leiin Silchar Division-in Promotion a hung pek nawk thu Hmasawnna thar 28.June 2008 tuok khan a lo inlang ve tlat. LIC Agent a nina khawm hi mihai ta dinga rawngbawl a nuomna lei niin ka hriet. North East chena Award a lo dawng theinaa khawm khan, a mei meia thil thaw mi a ni naw zie a tarlang.
Tribal Literature & Research Society (Regd. No. 21 of 2002, Govt. of Manipur) Project buotsaiin tuhin Founder President le tuita President nilai a ni bawk chun. Hmar Literature Society , Manipur ah Information Secretary nilai le, hun iemani chen kha Hmar Inpui Hqrs. hnuoiah Media incharge iemani zat thlanglai member pakhat lo ni ta a ni bawk. Manipur pum huopa Sikpuiruoi 2005 Saikawta hmang tum khan Chawimawi tlak iemani zat thlang lai thang vein Manipur Chief Minister Shri O.Ibobi Singh Lal puon sen an hlan. Manipur Hills Journalist Union ah Executive Member ni lai zing niin DIPR Icard Holder ni dinga sukfel tep a ni ta bawk.
Hienglai zing hin Mizorama chanchinbu inlar le hlawtling tak Lelte chun Chawimawi tlak mi tlawmte laia chawimawina 25th Lelte Weekly (Silvar Jubilee khan an inhlan bawk. Mizoram intelectual Circle ah a hre naw mang an um ta nawh a. Mizo tawnga Manmasi Mobile News a thaw chun Mizoram mipui a chungah an lawm hle a. Member mi Sangruk vel neiin Support a hlaw that leiin a la service zing bawk, Mizoram ah chun Timothy Z. Zote hi an lar hle a nih.
Khang lawma mi fel le thahnem ngai, tuta a ngirhmun rethei taka ka hang hmuin lungril a them naw thei nawh. Leibat nei leia hringna chen inthi dam, a in luma silai chen phawr khumna le a Scooter neisun hai Force -a lak pekin a um a, bat thin dan mawinaw le tawngkam mawi lo tak taka bi sisawin chuonghai chu sepui ruotuorin tuorin a hun a hmang zing a.Hienglai zinghin a then chun a pung khawm pe ta lo ding le I thei hun hunah mi pe el rawh tia mittui le an ina hung lenga, ngaidam pawl chen a beisei phak lo an um thu ka hriet bawk chun Pathien sinthaw an lang niin ka hriet bawk. A thenin an lo ngaidam bawk.Hieng a chunga thatna insuohai hi mipui hmaah lawmthu hril a nuom hlak.. Manmasi thla laia harsatna a tuokna hin ra tha insuo sien a nuom thu a hril hlak a. A thil tum a hlawsam leia miin an nuom a ninga an biekna le an biek sawna hai hi Isu tuorna le khan ka tekhi hiel.Vawikhat pienga vawikhat thi nawk seng ding laia inhmusitna taluo a thenin an suklang hin lungril a naa a unau le a ruolhai khawm an lungril a na hle leiin tawngtainaah an theinghil ngai bawk nawh.
Hieng ang ngirhmuna a ngir zing lai khawma, mi thenkhat anga zu le sa chen dam, lungril sawla zu inrui dam thaw chuong der loin mi nungchang tha le indik a nizie a suklang. Kohran tieng chu RPC Kohranah Lamka KTP unitah Chairman niin, Kohran Magazine ah Contributor pakhat le Synod Choir Co-ordinator Founder niin, le tuhin member pakhat nilai a ni bawk.
Tuta ang ngirhmuna a ngir laia a hla phuok copy a mi hung pek ve a, Lalremsang Inbuon-in a sak ana ka hei en chun lunglai a them hle a kan ring hma’n ka lungri’min a mi thlak nghal el a nih. A then chu Local Tv ZRS a an lo en naah an mittui a lo tla a, a ina lenga tawngtaina le hun dam hmangpuiin inleng a nei pha bawk.
Hienga harsatna le khawsakna tienga a tlaksiet lei hin testimony a hrilna a lem chun Hmar Society sukthatu le sukvultu nituma a beinaah hin a tinaw zawnga an hem ta leia suksetu pakhat le sukbuoitu a ni lem thu le an phalam thu, inhawi a ti naw thu hrilin, Hmar mipui hmaa thupha a chawi thu a puong hlak, thi tawp hi a nuom rum rum hlak niin a hril ka hriet bawk. Chuleiin tawngtainaah hre zing inla, chuongchun a hung ngir dawk nawk ka beisei pui bawk.
Hieng anga harsatna a tuok el hi a tum anga a um naw lei ni takin an lang a.Mi tam tak ringzo a ni angin pawisa khawm miin an lo inpuoktir/inhawtir hlak a ni a. Kum iemani chen a punghai indik taka pein, hun iemanichena inthawkin a hung tla siea chuleiin a pung le Capital harsatna leiin a hung pek vat thei ta naw chu niin an lang a. Hienganga harsatna a tuok hi hriettiemna le zangaina neia a batnahaiin an en theina dingin tawngtaipui a ngai tak zetin ka hriet ve.
A HLA Rethei leiin Maw ? (CD) REVIEW :
Rethei Leiin Maw!
By Timothy Z. Zote
Imphal, Vet Motor, 16/1/2008
Selthangvel, Jacob, Upa Lalneithang
1. Senlai nau ang hlim lai hun , 6
Kumpui inherin a liem san, 7
Lenruoldithai le tu dang ngai loa lenglai hun , 13
Kokir nawk dingin duai ka sam hlak, 9
Chorus: Khawvel khawsakna tlak siet leiin, 9
Tiena ruoltha hai khawmin, 7
Sam ang an mi the zo - aw, 7
Rethei leiin maw, 5
Aw, ka chan ka dawn changin, 7
Hrilhai nau ang ka tap, 6
Hnemtu Lal nunnem ka ngai em che, 9
2. Hringnun khawvel a hin,
Sum le pai zawngin hun ka hmang,
Sienkhawm maw , lungdamna famkim ka hmu chuong si nawh .
Riengvai leibat saltang te hin aw,
3. Hring nun khawvel an thim,
Ka bengdawngna le lungzingna,
Harsatna Sumpui ang zing hi ka dem phal lul nawh,
Ka chan Lal remruot a lo ni si.
Rethei Vangin Maw!
Hienglai zing hin harsatna sumpuiin a chim zinga, chu a harsatna tuok vel beidawngin hla a hung ziek suok ta a, chu chu hla chu Disc pakhatah Rs. 20/- a zawrin Ni khat lai el khan Rev. Paul Lalsiemlien, Rengkai chun ropui takin tlangzarna a nei ta a nih
Retheina le leibat nei teu lei hin inngaisiet khawm hi a awl em em a, hrietthiemna khawm hi a tlawm nuom a. Chuong lai zinga a hla hang phuok hin hrietthiemna a nei zie le hadamna Lal Krista a bel fuk zie an lang chieng hle.
Thilmak pakhat chu; Imphalah a ruol hai leh VET, RPC motorin kum bul 2008 khan an fe a. A ruol ha’n Computer dam inchawk ding an zawng vel lai, motor sungah lo umin hla a lo ziek suok el hi a nih. Chu chu Jan. 16, 2008 kha a nih.
A chang khatnaa hin;
“Senlai nau ang hlim lai hun,
Kumpui inherin a liem san;
Lenruol dithai le tu dang ngai loa leng lai hun,
Kokir nawk dingin duai ka sam hlak.”
Tiin, a naupang lai huna, ruol hai le hlim taka an inpawl diel diel hun ngaituoin, khang ang hun dam kha tawng nawk thei nisien a nuom thu (duthu ) a sam a. A thunawna chun;
“ Khawvel khawsakna tlak siet leiin,
Tiena ruol thahai khawmin,
Sam ang an mi the zo-aw,
Rethei leiin maw;
Aw ka chan da dawn changin,
Hrilhai nau ang ka tap,
Hnemtu Lal nunnem ka ngai em che,”
Tiin, retheina leia ruol tha hai leh khawm inpawl thei ta lo, a chan a hang dawnin hnemtu dingin Lal Isu Krista (nun nem) a ngai zie a khek suokpui hlawl a.
A chang hninaa chun, Khawvela pawisa sum zawnga a suk a tunga a tlan vel lai, sienkhawm lungdamna a hmu chuong naw zie a hril nawk a.
“ Hringnun Khawvela hin,
Sum le pai zawngin hun ka hmang;
Sienkhawm maw, lungdamna ka hmu nawh,
Riengvai leibat saltang te hin aw,”
Tiin mi leibat leia a nun inkhawkna, nuom ang khawma a um thei nawna, sal tang ang hiela an ngai el ta thu an sam nawk a.
Chuong lawma harsatna a tuok lai chun, a ngirhmun lei chun a lung a sen chuong naw a, Pathienin a thatna ding, thil a hrietthiemna dinga a ruotpek anga a ngai thei thu a puong suok nawk a. Hieng ang hin;
“ Hringnun khawvel an thim,
Ka beidawngna le lung zingna;
Harsatna sumpui ang zing hi ka
Dem phal lul nawh,
Ka chan Lal remruot a lo ni si,” tiin.
Hi hla hi Tv. Lalnithang Hmar-in a thluok mawi em emin a siem a. Ama Lalnithang lem chun a th;luok a siemlai a mittui a far zawi zawi thu ami hril bawk a. Pu Ramnunsiem Sanate, Salem Veng lem chun a hlathu hin a mi hne em em a, an inchuk tan laia inthawkin a hnuk a ul zing hlak thu a hril hiel a. Lalremsang Inbuon-in thiem takin a sak a, Camera Lalsiemsang le Editing Vella Hmar thawin, an chan an hnesaw tlang hle. Recording le Music, Ruolngul Records, a tha bawk a, hla pakhat ngawi album a nia chu play nawn play nawn chi a ni leiin insit a um naw hle.
Kan inhmu tawpna/nuhnungtaka a thu hril pakhat ka lungril them em em chu, Timothy Z .Zote chun keini, ka nau le nuhmei hai hin chu nitin hi kan hun hmang tawpna angah kan ngaia, Tension-in kan um zinga, kan batnahaiin thina chen mi lo insuohai sien khawm tuokhawma kan vangduoina leia tuok le Pathienin rem a mi ruot pekah kan dem phal naw a nih” ti a mi hril chun ka lungril a suknaa khawvelah hin an taksa la um sienkhawm an lungril chu hi khawvelah hin a um ta nawh ti inla, an dik tak awm ie. Thangkhat liena mi vangduoi thlang suok ding ti inla an inthlang nuom hiel awm de ti ka ngaituonah a um hiel. A chanchin ziek nuoma thu indawntu iemani zat an um ta a, chuonglai chun kei hi a hre pawl tak nia kan ngai leiin ka hriet hai ka hei ziek a nih. La sunzawm pei tum a nih.
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Manmasi news Hmar edition
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MANMASI NEWS IN HMAR
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MANMASI NEWS IN HMAR
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Manmasi
By:- Isaac L. Hmar *
" Civilisation will not last, freedom will not survive, peace will not be kept, unless a very large majority of mankind unite together to defend them and show themselves possessed of a constabulary power before which barbaric and atavistic forces will stand in awe." ? Winston Churchill.
As you came across annually Eimi Society or Eimi Fresher' Meet in Manipur University which is generally held in Kuki Inn, Imphal, but many of us may be confused of the term ?EIMI? and what does it imply? What does EIMI signify?
In Manipur University the Eimi organization was formed in 1998 on the initiatives of Dr. John Pulamte, current president of ATSUM and his vice-president Neikholal Haokip. However, the Eimi organization is confined itself to the boundary of Manipur University and there seems to be no sign of expansion outside the University campus. Thus, it appears that the student?s enthusiasm and participation are dwindling year after year comparing to the earlier ones.
Every man on earth is conscious of his identity and the search for his identity is inborn aspiration in man. Jesus Christ himself was so conscious about his identity and asked his disciples two questions; "Who do people say I am?" "Who do you say I am?"
Peter, one of his disciples, answered," You are the Christ". Jesus was so pleased with Peter?s answer because Christ means King of Kings. Like wise, in a desperate search for a nomenclature acceptable to all Zo tribes , Zo students studying in Shillong in 1970 formed an organization called the "Eimi Organisation", or "Our People's Organisation".
And this organization is supposed to be a common platform for all non-Naga tribes of Zo descendants. The idea was that all Zo students could join without having to bear the name of a specific tribe. However, the Hmar and Paite students refused to join the organization ever since they had their own organizations.
As for the Paite, they already had their own twenty five year old organization called " Siamsin Pawlpi" (The students' organization). Its head-quarters was in Lamka, and it had a branch in Shillong and else where.
For the Mizo,there was also the "Zirlai Pawl" or the Students Association, which was joined by students who refused to join other associations. And as for the Hmar, the Hmar Students' Association(HSA) was formed way back in 1936.
No matter how hard Zo clans try to unite, they seem to have difficulty in accepting nomenclature which does not reflect their particular clan perspective. However, this is not to deny the fact that they have a strong feeling to unite themselves by adopting a common nomenclature for their unity and political growth.
So far Zo descendants and its ethnic groups are known by different terms, namely, Chin- Kuki - Mizo or Zomi, and the first two names- Chin and Kuki - are names given to us by outsiders during colonial period and the last two by ourselves recently. Of all these, the most dignified term is "Mizo".
However, the Mizo also failed to cover all kindred tribes due to some section of vested interests. The reality is that there are still many tribes within these groups who prefer to be identified as a distinct tribe and ask the government for their recognition.
It?s a high time to sort out our differences and heading for unification of Zo descendants under one umbrella. The sooner we do the better.
Ethnicity is a biological, ideological, and socially constructed concept. It is biological in the sense that ethnic characteristics are generally passed down through biological family members who are part of a larger biological family group.
In terms of ideology, ethnic groups also pass down values, ideas, and principles that shape the norms and behaviour of their group. And, as a component of the larger human society, a distinct ethnic group is a social unit that is defined as part of the larger social unit.
Ethnicity is a concept that is fluid; it evolves, and what is identified as a particular ethnic group at one point in history may be identified differently at another point. However, the use of ethnic identity to construct a national identity only brings disunity and misunderstanding among us and there are also certain limitations.
Let?s us learn a good lesson from the Hungarian's unification. Historically the most ethnically diverse regions were the former Hungarian territories in the northwest, which cover more than one-third of Romania's total area, extending from the deep curve of the Carpathians to the borders of Hungary and Yugoslavia.
This part of Romania, most repeatedly referred to simply as Transylvania, and also includes the Maramures, Crisana, and Banat regions. These areas were settled by two distinct Hungarian groups--the Magyars and the Szeklers. The Magyars arrived in 896, and shortly thereafter the Szeklers were settled in southeastern Transylvania. Although they were of peasant origins, Szeklers were never serfs and in fact enjoyed a fair amount of feudal autonomy.
Many were granted nobility by the Hungarian king as a reward for military service. Awareness of a separate status for the Szeklers still exists among other Hungarians and Szeklers alike. The Szeklers are regarded as the best of the Hungarian nation; the form of Hungarian they speak is considered to be the purest and most pleasant.
These two groups are further differentiated by their religion, as most Szeklers are Calvinist or Unitarian, whereas the majority of Hungarians are Roman Catholic. Despite cultural distinctions, Szeklers, numbering between 600,000 and 700,000, consider themselves to be of purely Hungarian nationality. Thus like the Hungarian model, unification is a must for the Zo descendants.
There is a movement towards the unification of Zo descendants under the banner of " Manmasi" has emerged. A book on "The Wonderful Genealogical Tree of the Manmasi" was released on the 20th May 2005 in the state of Manipur. The book was authored by Dr. Khuplam Milui Lenthang, who is a devout pioneer on the subject.
According to press interview, the book covers diverse issues, including customs & cultures, etymology, anthropology, mythology, folksongs and folktales (meanings and witnesses) of the Kuki-Chin-Mizo people. Seminars on this genealogical connection have been conducted at different places.
Among others, a seminar on Manmasi identity was held in Shillong city, added the source. The theory of Kuki-Chin-Mizo people being one of the lost tribes of Israel has not convinced the larger section of the Mizo society. Although the veracity of the theory is not accepted by many, it has a robust influencing power.
A large number of people, who are converted to Judaism, have been flown into Israel from Manipur and Mizoram in recent years. Many more are expected to follow their loved ones into the ?promised land? in the years to come.
Very recently another book "Manmasi Year Book" was also released in Churachandpur, Manipur and was released by Prof. L. Fimate, Director of RIMS. The book was authored by Mr. Timothy Z. Zote and members of his editorial team.
The author must be congratulated for having ventured the publication of such book which gives an account of the kindred tribes who are obviously the descendants of our great ancestor, Manmasi. And equally impressive is the biography section covering who?s who among the Hmar, Lushei, Koms and Vaphei also.
Thus, in view of the present atmosphere and situation arising out here, unification is the need of the hour. Now it?s a high time to think for unification of all Zo descendants under one platform and to build up mutual understanding, love and care among us.
Thus it may not be wrong to use Manmasi as our nomenclature for unification of Zo descendants.
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Isaac L. Hmar, a research scholar at Dept. of History M.U, writes regularly for e-pao.net .
He can be reached at isaac_intoate@yahoo.com
This article was webcasted on September 16th, 2005
Isaac L Hmar's Essays
Isaac L Hmar has left for the Heavenly Abode. He was a prolific contributor to e-pao.net . May his soul rest in Peace
Please do not write to his email address that are give as part of his original Essays
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North East India Outlook
North East India Outlook (NEIO) was established in 2002 Redgd. No 21 of 2002.
Founding President was TiomThy Z.Zote
Address :
Churachnadpur,Manipur,India.
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North East India Outlook
North East India Outlook (NEIO) was established in 2002 Redgd. No 21 of 2002.
Founding President was TiomThy Z.Zote
Churachnadpur,Manipur,India.
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