9th Circuit: Amazon's Search Results Too Useful, Must Be Trademark Infringement
from the watch-this dept
Let's say you were in the market for some luxury item. Hell, let's say you wanted a nice watch. Being a watch kind-of-guy, you've done enough research to know you would like an MTM Special Ops branded watch, so you walk into a jewelry store and tell them what you want. When you ask the store clerk for an MTM watch, he or she instead points you towards lots of other watches for sale. As you look around the store, you notice none of the display cases actually contain any MTM brand watches. Have you suddenly become confused as to whether the alternative watches are in fact MTM watches?
The 9th Circuit Court thinks you might have, given its ruling in a trademark case between MTM and Amazon. The case is essentially over the scenario described above, except on Amazon's online marketplace. Users that put "MTM Special Ops" into Amazon's search field were provided with a list of competing watches in the results, because Amazon doesn't carry MTM watches. Those search results were clearly labeled with the competitor brand's names. One district court had already ruled in favor of Amazon, as MTM argued that those search results constituted trademark infringement. The 9th Circuit Court of Appeals reversed that ruling and sent the case to a jury. And this whole thing is prefaced on what's called initial interest confusion, as detailed in the link above by Eric Goldman.
The majority opinion focuses on a much-criticized trademark doctrine called initial interest confusion. The Ninth Circuit has had a dozen or so cases addressing initial interest confusion, and its handling of the doctrine has vacillated wildly. In 1999, the Ninth Circuit adopted an exceptionally (and, in my opinion, unreasonably) overbroad definition of the concept. This led to a series of tortured and inconsistent rulings until 2011, when the Ninth Circuit adopted a more constrained definition that virtually killed the doctrine.As Goldman notes, there was a very good reason the court essentially killed off this whole doctrine in 2011. Based on that definition used above, all kinds of accepted retail practices would suddenly be found to be infringing, including the way product placement of house and alternative brands occurs in brick and mortar stores. The theory behind initial interest confusion is essentially that if a consumer was looking for brand x and only found brand y through retailing practices like product placement and/or search results, there can still be trademark infringement even if brand y is clearly labeled and the customer is clear on what they're buying prior to making the purchase. In the area of search results for online retailers, it's a really dumb doctrine, because it essentially penalizes search results for being too useful to everyone who isn't seeking one brand/product only to the exclusion of every other product on the planet. The dissenting judge in the case outlines nicely how silly the majority's ruling is.
In this case, the Ninth Circuit bypasses its 2011 definition and instead defines initial interest confusion from a 2004 ruling:
"Initial interest confusion occurs not where a customer is confused about the source of a product at the time of purchase, but earlier in the shopping process, if “customer confusion . . . creates initial interest in a competitor’s product.”"
Because Amazon’s search results page clearly labels the name and manufacturer of each product offered for sale and even includes photographs of the items, no reasonably prudent consumer accustomed to shopping online would likely be confused as to the source of the products….The search results page makes clear to anyone who can read English that Amazon only carries the brands of watches that are clearly and explicitly listed on the web page. The search results page is unambiguous.The difference between other online retailers and Amazon is that other retailers denote at the top of search results that they do not carry the MTM brand, where Amazon simply lists all the other brand watches it carries. In other words, Amazon assumes that the public is intelligent enough to read the brands on the search results and conclude that Amazon doesn't carry MTM watches. So, while the case is now headed to a jury, the fix for Amazon is technically easy, but silly to have to implement. More troubling, as Goldman notes, is both the fact that the court appears to view online retailers as having more culpability under the initial interest doctrine and the larger danger of initial interest being brought back to life by this ruling.
Initial interest confusion revitalized. I don’t believe any trademark owner has won on initial interest confusion grounds since 2011, and many trademark experts considered the doctrine dead. This opinion potentially resurrects the doctrine like a zombie. That’s an unfortunate development. The initial interest confusion doctrine is solely based on judicial intuition; no empirical research validates its existence. It’s also an overly plastic doctrine; its boundaries and definition often change from case to case. This makes it’s impossible for a defendant to rebut and hard for litigants to predict outcomes. Having a revitalized doctrine will increase defendants’ litigation costs with no commensurate social benefit.In other words, this ruling would seem to force online retailers to treat the consuming public as though they were far more stupid than they actually are, which is a strange outcome for a court case. Punishing useful retailer search engines for being too useful and not treating the public like morons is hopefully a practice that won't make it through the jury process.
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Filed Under: 9th circuit, initial interest confusion, merchandizing, search results, trademark
Companies: amazon, mtm
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It's like coming here expecting to read Masnick, and getting Geigner instead.
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annoyed
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Re:
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Only in the 9th Circuit
NOT displaying our name at all? Trademark infringement!
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Not surprising
The whole premise of progressive government is that people are stupid and need the government to save them from their stupidity. Does a ruling like this from the notoriously liberal 9th circuit court surprise anyone?
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Re: annoyed
How is this "link bait"? Amazon doesn't sell this particular brand of watch and you are doing a search on Amazon's site, so what are they supposed to do, provide you with a link to a competitor's website?
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Re: Only in the 9th Circuit
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Re: Not surprising
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Re: Not surprising
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I Are Outraged!
I hope Coke sues them for all they are worth, the monsters.
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Re: Re:
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So can I sue my Ford Dealer
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Re: So can I sue my Ford Dealer
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Re: So can I sue my Ford Dealer
Although that would leave them open to lawsuits from a few hundred other smaller manufacturers around the world, they could probably argue that nobody would come in looking for one of those anyway.
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Re: Re: So can I sue my Ford Dealer
*Pterri reference*
To be honest, I would find it annoying if I went specifically to Amazon to buy a "magic TLA superwatch" or whatever and they didn't say we don't have it, but here's the "super FLA megawatch". Don't know where that stands in trademark issues because I don't care - if I'm searching for a specific thing , not being told they don't have it is not what I want.
Then again I generally search for what I want and select from the links that search brings up.
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If Amazon advertized they had MTM watches
This is actually an opportunity for MTM to offer watches for sale on Amazon, so that when someone searches for it - there you go!
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Re:
From now on all retailers must display lists of everything they dont sell, so beforw you get the 3 results u searched for, you will need to go through atleast a couple hundred pages of theae not offered pages.
GENIUS!
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Re: I Are Outraged!
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Sounds like a bit of stretch to say "infringing"
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IMHO - if the above is all it takes to steer clear of any "initial interest confusion" and not, as someone mentioned above, as a bunch of almost but not quite relevant "clickbait" results, which they are, at least in part, then where's the actual issue?
I only see it this way because on several occasions I've been served initial query results that were initially presented as successful matches - which they were most certainly not. Yes, I can see that these things are not the things that I'm looking for but, sometimes, there is actually the gem you're looking for buried within the crap you weren't looking for but that sort of depends upon the sites you're frequenting. A clear indicator that what you're looking for does not exist is not too much to ask and, also IMHO, Amazon knows exactly when there is not a direct match for your query..
I'd call it a fucking courtesy, actually (and I'm very fond of courtesy fucks) and it's one of the reasons I try to avoid Amazon when I know exactly what I'm looking for, that and they absolutely crush (emphasis *crush*) my browser experience.
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Sorry to disturb Teamchaos's prejudices but....
Comment on the decision by a well-known liberal blogger is here: http://pubcit.typepad.com/clpblog/2015/07/the-ninth-circuit-botches-a-trademark-case-about-search-en gines.html
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Re: Re: Only in the 9th Circuit
The cynic in me says I hope this ruling stands, so MTM can be sued for not showing links to their competitors.
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Apparently, apple is also infringing, yes?
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Re: Sorry to disturb Teamchaos's prejudices but....
And "liberal" is not a word that applies to any of the US governments in the last decades. And I'm also not sure "conservative" does.
The only thing you can say is "more liberal than", or "more conservative than". Like "Bush Senior was more liberal than Bush Junior or Obama". Or "Bush Senior and Obama are more conservative than Bush Junior".
In the broader spectrum, Obama and Bush Jr. are of course extremely authoritarian.
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Re:
out_of_the_blue just hates it when due process is enforced.
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Re: Re: Re: So can I sue my Ford Dealer
Either you get exactly what you asked for and nothing else (which means you're in trouble if you mis-spell it) or you get stuff like what you asked for.
This is why Google allows you to modify your search to force the presence of terms (+thing +brandname or whatever) in the result, but even it's tenuous because of cross references. I've no idea of Amazon implements this 'coz I've never cared enough to find out...
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Re: Re: Sorry to disturb Teamchaos's prejudices but....
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It is high time that judges were held to a reasonable standard.
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Re: Sorry to disturb Teamchaos's prejudices but....
However, through 2008, the Ninth Circuit Court's rulings reviewed by the Supreme Court were affirmed only 20% of the time and reversed and or vacated 80% of the time; a rate substantially higher than the median reversal rate of 68.29% for the same period
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit
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"Two Things Are Infinite: the Universe and Human Stupidity"
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Re: Re: Sorry to disturb Teamchaos's prejudices but....
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Re: Re: Re: Sorry to disturb Teamchaos's prejudices but....
LOL Pragmatic. Insightful. Although I would probably reverse it to say "We don't really have a right...." since the repubs in power are mostly RHINOs.
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Re: I Are Outraged!
I think the scenario is more like…I walked into the restaurant and before I sat down I asked the hostess seating me "Do you have Coke?" She says "we have an extensive beverage menu". Then, I ask the waiter for a Coke he comes back with the beverage menu. After looking up and down a few times at the menu to see where the Coke was I ask "do you have Coke?" The waiter asks if I want a Pepsi. I say "I don’t like Pepsi, I’d like a Coke". The waiter queries, "Would you like a Fanta or one of our other refreshing beverages?". "Do you not have Coke?". "These are the beverages we offer" says the waiter, again presenting the beverage menu. "Whatever", I say. Not wanting to leave and find another restaurant, I say, "Just give me a glass of water", and you stay and have dinner anyway.
My mom used to call that a “lie by omission”. The lie got you in the door, rather than move on to the place next door. Then the continued lie kept you looking at other items on their extensive menu, and the lie was not discovered until you were well invested in having dinner and getting hungier by the minute. If they were honest and told you they didn’t have Coke right up front you would then have the informed option of moving on right away, or choosing one of their other options.
Amazon wants to string you along because the longer they can get you to stay the better the chances you will make some kind of purchase from their extensive menu.
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This is why humans are still better than computers
I ask for a "Black and Decker" brand and they show it to me.
Now compare this to a search on any website: I type in "lawn edger" and was shown some edgers, some lawn mowers (um, I don't need a lawn mower), and string for lawn edgers (okay, fine, but I need an edger before I need string).
So I type in "Black and Decker lawn edger" to narrow the results and I'm shown lawn edgers that are black.
So I try "Black & Decker"... sorry "&" is a reserved keyword.
Okay, "Black + Decker"... sorry, no results found for a lawn edger with a black deck.
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Re: Re: annoyed
That might not be the most useful thing to do in real-world practice, but it's the most internally consistent from the perspective of the "principle of least surprise", at least.
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Great Post!
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