Court: Just Because An Anonymous Yelp Reviewer Is Mean, Doesn't Mean You Get To Unmask The Reviewer

from the anonymity-matters dept

I've never understood why so many doctors sue over bad reviews, but it just keeps happening. Dr. Muhammad Mirza has built up something of a reputation for suing people who leave bad reviews on Yelp -- and has been successful in stifling speech:

Dr Mirza says he's already won or reached settlements with three reviewers, forcing them to take down the false review and pay an undisclosed amount of money.

As that article notes, he was able to get courts to force Yelp to turn over the names of anonymous reviewers in the past, and it appears that has emboldened him to continue suing reviewers.

However, in one of his more recent cases, thankfully, a court has pushed back on the unmasking attempt. This was yet another case where Dr. Mirza had to go to court against Yelp to try to get the company to unmask an anonymous reviewer who wrote:

“Worst experience I’ve ever had! Woke up looking like a monster!!! Cheap product and he’s absolutely not experienced nor does he care!!!!!”

As Yelp pointed out to the court, this statement clearly is not defamatory as there are no statements of fact that can be proven true or false -- it's all opinion. And, thankfully, anonymous speech is protected under the 1st Amendment. In a recent ruling in NY the court agreed and rejected Dr. Mirza's attempts to unmask that reviewer.

The ruling is pretty short, but worth reading. It notes the importance of protecting anonymous speech. That does not mean that anyone who is anonymous can get away with saying anything, but there is a reasonably high bar for unmasking such speech:

Anonymous Internet speech is protected by the First Amendment. See In re Anonymous Online Speakers, 661 F.3d 1168, 1173-77 (9th Cir. 2011); accord Rich v. Butowsky, No. 20 Misc. 80081, 2020 WL 5910069, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 6, 2020). Anonymous speech “is not unlimited, however, and the degree of scrutiny varies depending on the circumstances and the type of speech at issue.” Anonymous Online Speakers, 661 F.3d at 1173; accord Butowsky, 2020 WL 5910069, at *3. Courts in the Ninth Circuit have required pleadings to meet a variety of standards before requiring disclosure of an anonymous speaker’s identity. Anonymous Online Speakers, 661 F.3d at 1175-76 (collecting cases) (noting that some cases require plaintiff to make a prima facie showing of its claim, that others rely on a motion to dismiss or good faith standard, while others rely on a standard somewhere between the motion to dismiss and the prima facie standard). Plaintiffs argue the Court should apply the First Amendment standard set forth in Highfields Capital Mgmt., L.P. v. Doe, 385 F. Supp. 2d 969 (N.D. Cal. 2005), and Yelp does not object to application of the test. Because Highfields is persuasive on this issue, it will be applied. See Butowsky, 2020 WL 5910069, at *3 (applying the First Amendment standard put forward by the parties); see also Music Grp. Macao Commercial Offshore Ltd. v. Does, 82 F. Supp. 3d 979, 983 (N.D. Cal. 2015) (concluding Highfields provided the correct standard among “the developing tests in the area of anonymous online speech,” where challenged speech was (1) derogatory statements about a corporate official and (2) criticism of plaintiffs’ business).

Under the Highfields test, a party seeking enforcement of a subpoena must first make out “a real evidentiary basis for believing that the defendant has engaged in wrongful conduct that has caused real harm to the interests of the plaintiff.” Highfields, 385 F. Supp. 2d at 970. The Ninth Circuit has characterized this as a requirement for the plaintiff to establish a prima facie case for its claims. Anonymous Online Speakers, 661 F.3d at 1175. If a plaintiff successfully makes a prima facie case, the court must next “assess and compare the magnitude of the harms that would be caused” to (1) the plaintiff’s First Amendment interests and (2) the defendant’s commercial interests. Highfields, 385 F. Supp. 2d at 976, R&R adopted, 385 F. Supp. 2d at 971. If such an assessment reveals that disclosing the defendant’s identity “would cause relatively little harm to the defendant’s First Amendment and privacy rights,” but is “necessary to enable [the] plaintiff to protect against or remedy serious wrongs,” then the court should allow the disclosure.

In this case, the initial complaint fails to meet the standard of claiming defamation.

WHEREAS, the Complaint’s defamation claim arises under New York law.1 The elements of a cause of action for defamation are: “(a) a false statement that tends to expose a person to public contempt, hatred, ridicule, aversion, or disgrace, (b) published without privilege or authorization to a third party, (c) amounting to fault as judged by, at a minimum, a negligence standard, and (d) either causing special harm or constituting defamation per se.” Braunstein v. Day, 144 N.Y.S.3d 624, 625 (2d Dep’t 2021) (internal quotation marks omitted). Statements of opinion are not actionable, as “[a]n opinion cannot be proven false and therefore does not give rise to liability for defamation purposes.” Gottwald v. Sebert, 148 N.Y.S.3d 37, 47 (1st Dep’t 2021). Statements must be viewed in context, and where a communication has a “loose, figurative or hyperbolic tone” that “suggest[s] to a reasonable reader that the author was merely expressing his opinion based on a negative business interaction with [a] plaintiff[],” that statement is one of opinion. Torati v. Hodak, 47 N.Y.S.3d 288, 290 (1st Dep’t 2017) (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). Courts must also be mindful that “readers give less credence to allegedly defamatory remarks published on the Internet than to similar remarks made in other contexts.” Id. (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted).

WHEREAS, Plaintiffs have not made a sufficient showing of a prima facie defamation claim under New York law, as the Review, read in context, would be perceived by a reasonable person to be nothing more than a matter of personal opinion as to the quality of Plaintiffs’ products and services. New York courts have consistently declined to find anonymous reviews analogous to the Review actionable for purposes of defamation. See id. (concluding that negative comments anonymously posted on consumer review websites, describing plaintiff as a “bad apple,” “incompetent and dishonest,” and a “disastrous businessman” were not actionable); Woodbridge Structured Funding, LLC v. Pissed Consumer, 6 N.Y.S.3d 2, 3 (1st Dep’t 2015) (finding online review claiming defendants “Lie To Their Clients” and “will forget about you and . . . all the promises they made to you” non-defamatory); Sandals Resorts Int’l Ltd. v. Google, Inc., 925 N.Y.S.2d 407, 410-11 (1st Dep’t 2011) (email criticizing plaintiff’s operations in Jamaica, despite containing specific factual allegations, was still a non-actionable opinion); see also Mirza v. Amar, 513 F. Supp. 3d 292, 299 (E.D.N.Y. 2021) (rejecting Plaintiff Mirza’s claims that a separate statement similar to the Review was defamatory).

And, importantly, the review did not have statements of fact, as it was clearly all opinion:

Plaintiffs next argue that two of the Review’s claims -- that Mirza is “not experienced” and uses “[c]heap” products -- are actionable statements of fact. This argument is unpersuasive because where “some of the statements are based on undisclosed, unfavorable facts known to the writer, the disgruntled tone, anonymous posting, and predominant use of statements that cannot be definitively proven true or false, supports the finding that the challenged statements are only susceptible of a nondefamatory meaning, grounded in opinion.” Woodbridge, 6 N.Y.S.3d at 3. Because Plaintiffs have not made a prima facie case of defamation, their request for the identity of the John Doe defendant is improper.

I understand that it sucks to get negative reviews online. And, that not all online reviews are truthful. But that does not mean you get to automatically uncloak anonymous critics, nor does it mean you get to sue them for defamation.

In the meantime, kudos to Yelp for fighting for the rights of its reviewers, rather than just rolling over and handing out the info like lots of sites might do.

Hide this

Thank you for reading this Techdirt post. With so many things competing for everyone’s attention these days, we really appreciate you giving us your time. We work hard every day to put quality content out there for our community.

Techdirt is one of the few remaining truly independent media outlets. We do not have a giant corporation behind us, and we rely heavily on our community to support us, in an age when advertisers are increasingly uninterested in sponsoring small, independent sites — especially a site like ours that is unwilling to pull punches in its reporting and analysis.

While other websites have resorted to paywalls, registration requirements, and increasingly annoying/intrusive advertising, we have always kept Techdirt open and available to anyone. But in order to continue doing so, we need your support. We offer a variety of ways for our readers to support us, from direct donations to special subscriptions and cool merchandise — and every little bit helps. Thank you.

–The Techdirt Team

Filed Under: 1st amendment, anonymity, defamation, identification, muhammad mirza, new york, reviews, slapp
Companies: yelp


Reader Comments

Subscribe: RSS

View by: Time | Thread


  1. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 13 Sep 2021 @ 2:16pm

    If he hadn't done something wrong, something to warrant any bad review, he wouldn't have had them! He needs to remember that doing bad jobs and/or pissing off people comes with consequences so the best bet is to do what he should, what's expected but most importantly, do it right!

    link to this | view in thread ]

  2. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 13 Sep 2021 @ 3:15pm

    Re:

    That's not true. People give bad reviews (if they even are truly a review at all) for lots of reasons.

    Considering this guy's career in taking bad reviews to court, i would have to guess the reviewers had something legit to complain about.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  3. icon
    That Anonymous Coward (profile), 13 Sep 2021 @ 3:17pm

    I wonder what would happen if Yelp added a badge to those who like to use lawsuits in this way.

    Gotta think that reporting the fact that they've been sued 4,5,6 times to unmask reviewers who hurt their feelings might say more than any reviews might.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  4. This comment has been flagged by the community. Click here to show it
    identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 13 Sep 2021 @ 3:34pm

    Re:

    Perhaps you are unfamiliar with character assassination?

    That is, not incidental griping, but malevolence because someone paid you to be so, or because taking out competition benefits you.

    In other words, the dark side of Reputation Management Services.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  5. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 13 Sep 2021 @ 7:33pm

    Re: Re:

    Well, some do it merely because they are trolls and/or have a personal grievance (real, imagined, valid, or not) which is irrelevant to the actual product or service provided, against the target of the review.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  6. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 13 Sep 2021 @ 8:37pm

    Re: Re:

    Expected John Smith to bring up bogeymen and was not surprised.

    You know, you're a lot more hilarious when you at least log on as Chozen.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  7. identicon
    Bobvious, 14 Sep 2021 @ 3:57am

    reviewers who hurt their feelings

    might say more than any reviews might. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2ks3JmHPCQ

    link to this | view in thread ]

  8. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 14 Sep 2021 @ 6:45am

    In this forum, one doesn't need to mention character assassination--there are several spammers who seem to have no purpose in their pathetic wannabe-life but to assassinate the forum owner's character.

    And also, in this forum one doesn't need to mention the solution--since the owner is known to have a character, the slander fails.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  9. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 14 Sep 2021 @ 9:55am

    There is at least one statement of fact in the review. The reviewer is representing that they were a patient of the doctor. If that isn't the case, then this sure seems defamatory.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  10. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 14 Sep 2021 @ 9:57am

    Re:

    Or maybe fraudulent is a better label.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  11. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 14 Sep 2021 @ 2:57pm

    Re: Re:

    Hey John boi, how's the revenge porn business going? Or are you a book publisher or email scammer now? BTW I never did get all the lawsuits you promised. Where's MY Federal investigation bro?

    link to this | view in thread ]

  12. icon
    That One Guy (profile), 14 Sep 2021 @ 3:06pm

    Re: Re:

    It might be a lie if they weren't but not one that would rise to the level of lawsuit worthy. If I say I bought something from a store and that turns out to be untrue that still wouldn't be enough to justify a lawsuit against me even if I gave my opinion that the products that I hadn't actually bought were overpriced and cheaply made.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  13. icon
    PaulT (profile), 16 Sep 2021 @ 5:34am

    Re: Re:

    Sure. I'm also familiar with butthurt assholes pretending that complaints against them are this sort of thing, even in the fact of video evidence of the complaint being factual. How do you propose we sort the rare cases of conspiracy away from the actual negative complaints against real assholes?

    link to this | view in thread ]


Follow Techdirt
Essential Reading
Techdirt Deals
Report this ad  |  Hide Techdirt ads
Techdirt Insider Discord

The latest chatter on the Techdirt Insider Discord channel...

Loading...
Recent Stories

This site, like most other sites on the web, uses cookies. For more information, see our privacy policy. Got it
Close

Email This

This feature is only available to registered users. Register or sign in to use it.