Has The Fourth Amendment Been Dismantled By Technology And The Courts?

The Process Of Laying The Very First Transatlantic Cable

from the not-so-easy dept

Fri, Jan 28th 2011 5:29pm — Mike Masnick

One of my favorite Wired articles ever is Neal Stephenson's insanely long, but wonderfully entertaining account of laying fiber optic cable across oceans from back in 1997. If you've never read it, set aside a few hours and dig in. While he mentions, briefly, the first transatlantic cable laid in 1858 -- and suggests reading other accounts of what happened -- he doesn't go into much detail as to what happened. However, Shocklee points us to a (much shorter!) Wired UK piece about the laying of the first transatlantic cable. If you'd like to know the basics, it's basically two boats meet in the middle of the ocean, with each taking half the cable, and they then (slowly, carefully) head back towards their home coasts. It didn't always go smoothly:

After experiments in the Bay of Biscay had been conducted, the plan was changed -- the Niagara and Agamemnos met in the centre of the Atlantic on 26 June and attached their respective cables to each other, then headed for opposite sides of the ocean. Again, the cable broke -- once after less than 6km had been laid, again after about 100km and then a third time when 370km had been laid. The boats returned to port.

It's a fun read, reminding you of the massive amount of work that goes into the infrastructure that we rely on every day.

Thank you for reading this Techdirt post. With so many things competing for everyone’s attention these days, we really appreciate you giving us your time. We work hard every day to put quality content out there for our community.

Techdirt is one of the few remaining truly independent media outlets. We do not have a giant corporation behind us, and we rely heavily on our community to support us, in an age when advertisers are increasingly uninterested in sponsoring small, independent sites — especially a site like ours that is unwilling to pull punches in its reporting and analysis.

While other websites have resorted to paywalls, registration requirements, and increasingly annoying/intrusive advertising, we have always kept Techdirt open and available to anyone. But in order to continue doing so, we need your support. We offer a variety of ways for our readers to support us, from direct donations to special subscriptions and cool merchandise — and every little bit helps. Thank you.

–The Techdirt Team

Filed Under: cable, infrastructure

26 Comments

If you liked this post, you may also be interested in...

Reader Comments

Subscribe: RSS

View by: Time | Thread

Tom Landry (profile), 28 Jan 2011 @ 5:57pm

Arthur C. Clarke wrote a (non-fiction) book about this around 15-20yrs ago.
[ link to this | view in chronology ]
Anonymous Coward, 28 Jan 2011 @ 6:54pm

Why start in the middle?
If you'd like to know the basics, it's basically two boats meet in the middle of the ocean, with each taking half the cable, and they then (slowly, carefully) head back towards their home coasts.

Anyone know why they did it that way (the article didn't offer any explanation)? My first inclination would be to start with the boats leaving from each shore and then meeting in the middle (similar to the way the first transcontinental railroad was built). The boats could then use the cable itself to communicate back to shore (and verify its integrity) as they went.
[ link to this | view in chronology ]
- Kaotik4266, 29 Jan 2011 @ 2:39am
  
  Re: Why start in the middle?
  Because it's kind of hard to stop in the middle and connect the cables (not to mention then getting the middle bit to the seabed). The ships have to move continuously because the cables have a tendency to snap if they sit there for too long. Remember, there's probably several hundred meters of pretty hefty cable and waterproofing hanging from the ships at any particular moment. That's a lot of weight for each bit of cable to be holding up.
  [ link to this | view in chronology ]
  - Anonymous Coward, 29 Jan 2011 @ 3:27am
    
    Re: Re: Why start in the middle?
    Because it's kind of hard to stop in the middle and connect the cables
    
    But, according to the article, that's exactly what they did, only at the beginning instead of the end of the project.
    
    (not to mention then getting the middle bit to the seabed)
    
    Seem like that should be exceptionally easy: drop it. But getting the cable to the seabed was what they all along the way, anyway.
    
    Remember, there's probably several hundred meters of pretty hefty cable and waterproofing hanging from the ships at any particular moment. That's a lot of weight for each bit of cable to be holding up.
    
    True, but that's the case anyway and all the way back to shore.
    
    Anyone else got any better explanation?
    [ link to this | view in chronology ]
    - btrussell (profile), 29 Jan 2011 @ 5:47am
      
      Re: Re: Re: Why start in the middle?
      "But, according to the article, that's exactly what they did, only at the beginning instead of the end of the project."
      
      At the beginning, all the weight is on the ships, easy to connect in the middle. At the end, hundreds of meters of cable are hanging off the boats, pulling and tugging, much harder to join. Not to mention all the wasted cable from both ships to seabed. Hundreds of yards of cable spooled on ocean floor after connecting and releasing from ship. These cables aren't $0.03/foot.
      
      Tie pieces of rope to two trees and try to tie them together tight. Now untie from trees and try tying the ropes together. Rope is much lighter than cable.
      [ link to this | view in chronology ]
      - Anonymous Coward, 29 Jan 2011 @ 8:04pm
        
        Re: Re: Re: Re: Why start in the middle?
        Not to mention all the wasted cable from both ships to seabed. Hundreds of yards of cable spooled on ocean floor after connecting and releasing from ship. These cables aren't $0.03/foot.
        
        OK, I can see the cost saving on cable. But after going across the entire ocean, I wonder how significant that is, percentage wise.
        [ link to this | view in chronology ]
    - Anonymous Coward, 29 Jan 2011 @ 6:16am
      
      Re: Re: Re: Why start in the middle?
      From what I saw in this video, staying stationary is not a problem the cables can take it, but if the terrain below is rough you have a problem because of the movement of the boat against rocks can damage the cables, also to laydown the cables you need to map the ocean floor to know how much speed the spools will have, not to mention sharks they are attracted to electromagnetic emissions, also things where hard in the past it took 30 hours to repair a cable.
      [ link to this | view in chronology ]
    - Richard (profile), 29 Jan 2011 @ 3:54pm
      
      Re: Re: Re: Why start in the middle?
      Anyone else got any better explanation?
      
      The ships weren't big enough to carry the whole cable. That first cable failed pretty quickly. The first lasting cable was laid by the Great Eastern a few years later. The Great Eastern was big enough to carry the whole cable on its own - making the whole process much more straightforward. Even so it took two attempts.
      Amazingly a year or so later they actually fished up the end of the cable from the first attempt, spliced in and completed it. The story is on Wikipedia here
      [ link to this | view in chronology ]
- PolyPusher (profile), 29 Jan 2011 @ 10:08am
  
  Re: Why start in the middle?
  Do you really want a connection between the two in the MIDDLE of the Atlantic ocean? Sounds to me like that would be asking for the weakest point to be located farthest from any possible repairs...
  [ link to this | view in chronology ]
  - Anonymous Coward, 29 Jan 2011 @ 8:10pm
    
    Re: Re: Why start in the middle?
    Do you really want a connection between the two in the MIDDLE of the Atlantic ocean? Sounds to me like that would be asking for the weakest point to be located farthest from any possible repairs...
    
    Do you really think they sent the ships out with enough cable on one spool to reach all the way back to shore? Those would be some pretty big spools! I rather suspect that they used smaller spools and spliced them "in the MIDDLE of the Atlantic ocean". Besides, either way you still wind up with a splice in the middle.
    [ link to this | view in chronology ]
    - Anonymous Coward, 29 Jan 2011 @ 8:51pm
      
      Re: Re: Re: Why start in the middle?
      Do you really think they sent the ships out with enough cable on one spool to reach all the way back to shore? Those would be some pretty big spools!
      
      To answer myself, after reading the Wikipedia article, it seems that they indeed did! It wasn't on spools, but coiled in the hold.
      [ link to this | view in chronology ]
      - Anonymous Coward, 29 Jan 2011 @ 11:57pm
        
        Re: Re: Re: Re: Why start in the middle?
        Yes from all sources I could find they all say the same thing, he took 2 boats because there wasn't any big ships that could carry the entire length of the cables, they then traveled to the middle, spliced the cables together and went in opposite directions sending messages to each other to make sure the cable was ok and after completing the whole thing the electrical engineer hired(Dr. Edward Orange Wildman Whitehouse which was really a doctor who dribbled in amateur telegraph) fried the whole thing.
        
        After that he tried a second time and it was the one that succeeded, also by that time he had a big boat that came about by chance(The SS Great Eastern).
        
        With that big boat he could put all the cable needed in one ship.
        
        Source: Wikipedia - Transatlantic Telegraph Cable
        
        Really fascinating story about how things got done and maybe the greatest asset they had was ignorance, they didn't know it was so difficult others had laid cables undersea and they didn't think it was going to be difficult to lay a bit more, that is good ignorance you have something that could work because it had a proved concept and it worked in the end despite all the problems.
        [ link to this | view in chronology ]
      - Anonymous Coward, 30 Jan 2011 @ 12:14am
        
        Re: Re: Re: Re: Why start in the middle?
        The Mirror Galvanometer, invented by Johann Christian Poggendorff and perfect by William Thomson(a.k.a. Lord Kelvin), was the instrument that made it possible for people to read weak electrical signals on the receiving end of those cables.
        [ link to this | view in chronology ]
- Anonymous Coward, 29 Jan 2011 @ 8:19pm
  
  Re: Why start in the middle?
  According to the video telling the story on Youtube he had no big boats that could carry the entire spools at once and secondly he didn't know how to test the cables other than using the ships to contact each other using the cable.
  [ link to this | view in chronology ]
Anonymous Coward, 28 Jan 2011 @ 9:10pm

When do we get to the article where the evil corporations used underhanded tactics and government lobbying to restrict others' access to the transatlantic cable, thus delaying the introduction of the Internet by at least 300 years and killing millions of puppies in the process?
[ link to this | view in chronology ]
- Mike Masnick (profile), 28 Jan 2011 @ 11:15pm
  
  Re:
  When do we get to the article where the evil corporations used underhanded tactics and government lobbying to restrict others' access to the transatlantic cable, thus delaying the introduction of the Internet by at least 300 years and killing millions of puppies in the process?
  
  That'll be next week.
  [ link to this | view in chronology ]
techinabox (profile), 29 Jan 2011 @ 1:49am

Modern Marvels
The History Channel did a Modern Marvels on the Transatlantic cable that was very good.
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=90971557975187655#
[ link to this | view in chronology ]
AG Wright (profile), 29 Jan 2011 @ 3:05am

What's really sad is the part where, after they get through, the engineer who's in charge burned out the cable with too much current.
[ link to this | view in chronology ]
- mike allen (profile), 31 Jan 2011 @ 3:30am
  
  Re:
  thats true on the first telegraph cable not phone. on the first test message i think.
  [ link to this | view in chronology ]
rob crompton (profile), 29 Jan 2011 @ 4:58am

...and the last
My first job after school was as a laboratory technician at a cable manufacturers in Trafford Park UK. One of the major lines at this factory was submarine cables which were massively armoured and loaded onto a huge turntable prior to being transferred to cable-laying ships in nearby Manchester Docks. When I started work there, a new turntable was under construction to improve production and loading. But just a couple of years before this Telstar, the pioneering communications satellite, had been put into orbit. Only one cable was ever loaded onto that turntable.
[ link to this | view in chronology ]
Anonymous Coward, 29 Jan 2011 @ 6:13am

Videos on Youtube about undersea-cables:

- The Great Transatlantic Cable (The history of the first copper cable in the Atlantic)
- Project-X Laying Transpacific Undersea Cable (The history of the first Japanese cable laying operation that brought prices down in Japan. It describes in great detail all the problems faced with laying those cables for which snapping cables are only a problem if the terrain below is rough)
- How undersea cables are repaired
- Very rare video - Underwater cable laying - Must watch
[ link to this | view in chronology ]
Anonymous Coward, 29 Jan 2011 @ 6:29am

About undersea cables here is one news that people may want to hear the Unity Project is operational with a capability of 7.68 Tbit/s.

Ask who is the owner of that cable now LoL
[ link to this | view in chronology ]
Darryl, 29 Jan 2011 @ 4:46pm

Yes, the application of IP and invention
does the article talk about how they destroyed the 1858 cable very shortly after it was layed ? some smart person put too much voltage across it and burnt it out !!

I think it was "harvy" or one of the big names in electronics at that time who developed a 'mirror galvinometer", that was so sensitive, that the better could be a thinbal full of lemon juide, and an electrode, creating a VERY small voltage, but could be picked up and read on the other side of the atlantic..

Yes, it is a facinating story..

Full of IP, and inventions, and patents :) would not have been possible without them...
[ link to this | view in chronology ]
Anonymous Coward, 30 Jan 2011 @ 12:22am

Gutta-percha the insulator used in the Transatlantic Telegraph Cable
[ link to this | view in chronology ]
Ashley, 31 Jan 2011 @ 12:29pm

pshh..
wwwwooooooowwwwww. grow up Egpyt!
[ link to this | view in chronology ]
Get Most Excellent Scissor Lift in Australian, 22 Aug 2013 @ 1:57am

Laying transatlantic cable is an engineering marvel. We don't really realise the danger and hardship that goes into constructing the infrastructure that allows us to enjoy electricity, water and Internet.
[ link to this | view in chronology ]