USTR Finally Recognizes That The Internet Matters... And That Censorship, Site Blocking & Link Taxes Are Barriers

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For many, many years we've hit pretty hard at the USTR (United States Trade Rep) for appearing to basically view trade and trade agreements solely through the lens of 20th century industry, without any recognition of the importance of startups and innovation -- especially on the internet. As such, many of the policies that the USTR has promoted through trade agreements seemed almost entirely focused on baking in and protecting potentially obsolete business models, and stifling innovation and competition. Many people have pointed this out over the years, but the USTR tends to spend most of its time with lobbyists and representatives from the big, old industries, rather than startups and innovators that are actually building the businesses of tomorrow. I mean, how else can you explain that the focus on internet related issues doesn't seem to change in trade agreements, despite massive changes in the actual tech ecosystem?

So it was at least marginally encouraging to see that the USTR actually recognizes internet and internet related issues as trade barriers in its new National Trade Estimate report (which clocks in at nearly 500 pages). The big (and important) headline, that was picked up by the press, was that the USTR (FINALLY!) is willing to recognize the Great Firewall of China and other internet censorship regimes as a "barrier to trade."

Over the past decade, China’s filtering of cross-border Internet traffic has posed a significant burden to foreign suppliers, hurting both Internet sites themselves, and users who often depend on them for their businesses. Outright blocking of websites appears to have worsened over the past year, with 8 of the top 25 most trafficked global sites now blocked in China. Much of the blocking appears arbitrary; for example, a major home improvement site in the United States, which would appear wholly innocuous, is typical of sites likely swept up by the Great Firewall.
China has hit back against this claim, arguing that the Great Firewall is not about trade barriers, but "about national security," which is a somewhat laughable claim.

Still, as an article by Matt Schruers at the Disruptive Competition Project notes, the document actually goes much further in calling out other bad internet practices in other countries. For example, it calls out new rules in India that undermine intermediary liability protections and lead to censorship by ISPs:
India’s 2011 Information Technology Rules govern the liability of internet intermediaries (internet service providers (ISPs), hosting services, search engines, social networks, online forums, and other web platforms) for content on their networks. U.S. stakeholders have raised concerns that these rules are vague and inconsistently applied, and do not provide safeguards against abuse of the process. Any citizen can complain that certain content is “disparaging” or “harmful,” and intermediaries must respond by removing that content within 36 hours. Failure to act, even in the absence of a court order, can lead to liability for the intermediary. Such strict rules encourage over-compliance with takedown notices, causing intermediaries to remove content that may not be illegal. Foreign companies providing internet services in India are forced to choose between needlessly censoring their customers and subjecting themselves to the possibility of legal action.
It calls out countries like Pakistan for establishing site-blocking regimes that have resulted in YouTube and WordPress being completely blocked in the country:
Pakistan has blocked access to websites deemed to be blasphemous or immoral, including YouTube, which has been blocked since September 2012, and WordPress, which was temporarily blocked for several days in 2015 with little explanation from the authorities. YouTube reopened in January 2016 after Google created a country specific site which allows the government of Pakistan to request the removal or blockage of content. Pakistan has also intermittently blocked both Facebook and Twitter, while Facebook is routinely asked by the government to censor material deemed to be blasphemous.
It's also really good -- if fairly surprising -- to see the USTR note that the EU's "Digital Single Market" plans with things like increased intermediary liability could result in serious problems for free expression. Even better, the USTR recognizes that these moves to increase intermediary liability are almost entirely about legacy companies trying to shackle innovators, competitors and upstarts:
The Commission is simultaneously exploring whether to increase online intermediaries’ network and system management responsibilities as they pertain to illegal content and to require some platforms to more proactively monitor and filter such content (i.e., a “duty of care”), despite logistical difficulties and implications for free expression. Consequently, the Commission may eventually introduce a new regulatory regime to more tightly control platforms’ behaviors. The e-Commerce Directive 2000/31/EC currently grants limitations of liability to intermediary service providers.

Both these initiatives appear motivated, at least in part, by legacy businesses struggling to compete against the efficiencies provided by Internet-based commerce. This underscores the risk that even well-intentioned goals can, if implemented through heavy-handed regulation, or even just threat thereof, seriously undermine innovative business development and hurt the EU’s own efforts to inject more dynamism into its markets.
The USTR also calls out the ridiculous "Google tax" concept, also known as "link taxes" or "ancillary copyright" that have been seen in a variety of European countries, that would require sites that aggregate and link to news sites to pay those news sites for the privilege of sending them traffic. As the USTR rightly notes, this is clearly a trade barrier in the free flow of information:
Over the past several years, publishers in Europe have been advocating for the right to impose fees for the right to link to content published online. This effort appears to target in particular news aggregators that index stories and allow users to more conveniently find and access such content by the inclusion in search results of headlines or other extracts of the stories that the underlying publisher typically offers, without charge (e.g., supported by advertising) on its own website. Aggregators, including but not limited to U.S. service suppliers, have pushed back against such requirements, arguing that that they help drive traffic to publishing sites, and therefore help increase viewership and revenue, and should not be required to pay for a valuable service they provide. After Belgium and Germany attempted to impose such requirements, some aggregators simply dropped links to sites seeking additional compensation, causing publishers in those countries to opt out of requiring such payments after they evaluated the economic impact. In late 2014, however, Spain passed a similar measure called “Canon AEDE,” which, unlike in Germany and Belgium, made such payments mandatory (i.e., publishers could not opt out of requiring payments for links). As a result of this new law, many aggregators, including from the United States, simply pulled out of the Spanish market. A 2015 study by the Spanish Association of Publishers of Periodical Publications (AEEP) revealed that publishers’ revenue decreased and that many smaller publishers, which had depended on aggregators, were disproportionately affected. Since parts of the EU publishing industry are advocating adopting similar measures EU-wide, which will likely have a negative effect on many U.S. stakeholders, this issue bears careful monitoring, as well as stepped-up engagement with the EU to ensure that innovative business models are beneficial to EU content suppliers themselves.

Of course, there's lots of other stuff in the report that is quite concerning (I mean, this is the USTR we're talking about). Ridiculously, some of it even contradicts the points we've raised above. For example, the report repeatedly talks about stronger copyright enforcement and encourages more actions against those who link to infringing content. There's obviously a big disconnect here within the USTR -- in that it doesn't seem to realize that whining about intellectual property in these situations just gives various countries exactly the cover they need to leave in place the ideas discussed above. Don't want your Great Firewall to look like it's about censoring dissent? Just claim it's necessary to stop piracy online! Still want to tax links? Just explain how it's an anti-piracy measure to make sure links are tracked and evaluated to make sure their content is not infringing!

So, yes, this is still the same old USTR on the one hand. But, in the past, the USTR just focused on issues like that, not realizing how it was playing into the hands of others who looked to control and censor the internet, and to stifle innovation. At least now, for the first time, at least someone at the USTR is recognizing how important issues like censorship, site blocking, intermediary liability and the free flow of information online may be. Given how long it's taken, it may feel a bit late, but it's at least an encouraging step in the right direction.

Hopefully, it means the attitudes within the USTR are shifting and it may actually start to focus on the issues that are important in keeping the internet open globally.


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Filed Under: censorship, sponsored post, ustr


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  • icon
    DannyB (profile), 20 Apr 2016 @ 10:33am

    A Great Firewall of any nation really can be about national security

    This applies to any nation. Not just China.

    If position of those in power (which they may call "national security") is tied to keeping the populace ignorant of certain information, then a national firewall might really be a matter of "national security".

    Witness how that term is used when a government goes after leaks or journalists who disclose information that does not harm the existential security of the country, but rather those in power. Or causes scandal.

    A congress critter's love affair exposed.
    A secret off shore bank account disclosed.
    Tax evasion disclosed.
    Torture programs disclosed.
    Massive global and domestic surveillance exposed.
    Secret relationships with corporations exposed.
    War crimes exposed, but they support 'policy'.

    And it's not a firewall. It's massive surveillance and censorship. That's not really the same thing as a firewall. We should call it what it is. Indiscriminate massive surveillance, and censorship.

    link to this | view in chronology ]

    • icon
      Ninja (profile), 20 Apr 2016 @ 10:47am

      Re: A Great Firewall of any nation really can be about national security

      At least China doesn't try to hide their censorship efforts like some out there. Some call it Great Firewall, others call it Great Copyrights or even Great War on Terror. As you said, the end result is the same. Just that sometimes it's veiled.

      link to this | view in chronology ]

  • icon
    Ninja (profile), 20 Apr 2016 @ 10:43am

    Ridiculously, some of it even contradicts the points we've raised above.

    I've seen money produce some spectacular cognitive dissonance. It's far from ridiculous, it's actually quite expected considering who released it.


    And we actually have shiny examples here in TD comments. Though I suspect they work for food and shelter only.

    link to this | view in chronology ]

    • icon
      OldMugwump (profile), 20 Apr 2016 @ 2:27pm

      Re: I've seen money produce some spectacular cognitive dissonance

      Yup. For decades industry lobbyists have been ghostwriting reports like this National Trade Estimate.

      Once, that privilege was the exclusive domain of entrenched interests such as the MPAA and RIAA, the sugar cartel, the banking industry, etc.

      Now the "new economy" companies like Facebook, Google, and Microsoft have cranked up their own lobbying efforts, so now they get to write a few paragraphs of their own.

      There's no particular need for the sections written by Hollywood protectionists to be consistent with the sections written by their opponents, the Internet companies.

      They each pay, and they each get to play.

      Given that this is how our system works, I suppose I'm happy that somebody on the other side is getting to speak up.

      link to this | view in chronology ]

  • identicon
    RTScot, 20 Apr 2016 @ 10:46am

    Sen. Wyden's doing

    For folks who think Mike talks about Ron Wyden too much this is a good counter-example. Wyden has been hammering the USTR to include these trade barriers in the NTE for years and from reports, made it a condition of moving ahead on their priorities. Now we need to take action on these barriers.

    link to this | view in chronology ]

    • icon
      Ninja (profile), 20 Apr 2016 @ 10:54am

      Re: Sen. Wyden's doing

      Sadly, Wyden is the exception in politics nowadays. Maybe that's why he's mentioned that much.

      link to this | view in chronology ]

  • icon
    Mason Wheeler (profile), 20 Apr 2016 @ 11:24am

    China has hit back against this claim, arguing that the Great Firewall is not about trade barriers, but "about national security," which is a somewhat laughable claim.

    That's not laughable at all. As George Orwell said, "In a time of universal deceit - telling the truth is a revolutionary act." China has the same problem North Korea has, albeit to a lesser degree: the legitimacy of their government as perceived by their people is founded on a bunch of outright lies and horrendous oppression. If their people knew the truth, the security of the State would be in serious jeopardy indeed!

    link to this | view in chronology ]

  • identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 20 Apr 2016 @ 1:29pm

    funny how the USTR is calling out other countries for doing exactly what the USA does, with the same consequences if the various claims are not caried out. the entertainment industries are the biggest bunch of liars going, yet every time one of the bosses opens his/her mouth, the shit that's spouted is not only believed as being the gospel truth but is acted on within a heartbeat! this type of behaviour is what has been encouraged to be followed in other countries, India being one of them and the UK being another! what is so ridiculous is that the USTR that has previously been one of the USA lobbyists encouraging this to happen is now decrying it in those very same other countries that were expected to do as told! even worse, now these countries are doing it, and increasing the blocks more every year, now the USTR and i suspect the USA in it's entirety dont like it! how double standard is that?

    link to this | view in chronology ]

  • icon
    morganwick (profile), 20 Apr 2016 @ 1:30pm

    Tldr?

    "Internet censorship and protection of legacy industries is bad... unless we're doing it!"

    link to this | view in chronology ]

  • icon
    JonC (profile), 20 Apr 2016 @ 1:53pm

    Who are you and what have you done with the real USTR?

    link to this | view in chronology ]

  • icon
    Coyne Tibbets (profile), 20 Apr 2016 @ 7:46pm

    Effects on small publishers

    ...that many smaller publishers, which had depended on aggregators, were disproportionately affected.
    I wonder if that little detail bothers the big publishers. Nah.

    link to this | view in chronology ]

  • identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 21 Apr 2016 @ 6:39am

    They recognize the Great Firewall of China,

    but not the great American anal probe? No, I'm afraid this isn't progress. This shows they are still just thinking regionally.

    link to this | view in chronology ]


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