Court Says Cop Calling 911 With Suspect's Phone To Obtain Owner Info Is Not A Search
from the bring-on-the-cellphone-tracking-devices! dept
An interesting ruling out of Georgia states that an unconventional method to determine a cell phone's owner is not a search under the Fourth Amendment. The appeals court decides [PDF] that the information obtained has no expectation of privacy.
Because Hill had no reasonable expectation of privacy in the information at issue – his own name, date of birth, and phone number – we agree with the state there was no search under the Fourth Amendment, and accordingly we reverse.
The background is this: James Brandon Hill exited a taxi cab without paying, leaving his phone behind. The cab driver reported this to the police and an officer dialed 911 to obtain the owner's info. The court doesn't touch the issue of abandonment -- which would likely have made the search legal. But its decision that the method used to obtain this info isn't a search seems to be a bit off.
While the information received may have had no expectation of privacy, an officer accessing a cell phone without a warrant is questionable under the Supreme Court's Riley decision. As noted above, the warrantless search still likely would have survived a motion to suppress as the phone was abandoned in the cab. In fact, Hill does not challenge the seizure of the phone -- only the search.
The Third Party Doctrine is in play here, what with this information being handed over to a service provider in exchange for phone service. The opinion quotes Orin Kerr in support of its Third Party Doctrine assertions.
Consistent with this distinction, we have held in a case involving a landline phone that the Fourth Amendment “protects only the content of a telephone conversation and not the fact that a call was placed or that a particular number was dialed.” Stephenson, supra, 171 Ga. App. at 939 (citation and punctuation omitted). See generally Orin S. Kerr, Applying the Fourth Amendment to the Internet: A General Approach, 62 Stan. L. Rev. 1005, 1019 (II) (A) (2010) (originating telephone number is non-content information analogous to return address on envelope).
But that applies only to phone call routing info, not the user's personal information. It's a good thing this citation isn't a direct comparison because Orin Kerr doesn't agree with the court's decision on the search issue.
Held: Calling 911 from a phone is not a “search” because it only obtains non-content information about the phone that is not protected under Smith v. Maryland.
I don’t think that reasoning works, as it’s mixing up two different questions: (1) whether calling from the phone is a search of the phone, and (2) whether, once the call is placed, receiving the number dialed at 911 is a search of the number. I think calling 911 is a search because of (1), not because of (2). Calling 911 pushes out the number from the phone, and I think that forced revealing of the number should count as a search of the phone.
The decision's implications go much further than this one-off case where an abandoned phone was discovered and "forced" to reveal user info by a law enforcement officer. Think Stingrays. From the opinion:
The fact that it was a law enforcement officer, rather than Hill, who placed a call from the phone does not change our conclusion that the information obtained was not subject to Fourth Amendment protection. Cases from other jurisdictions illustrate this point. In United States v. Skinner, 690 F3d 772, 777-778 (II) (A) (6th Cir. 2012), for example, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit held that law enforcement agents could take action to cause a cellular phone to emit information from which they could track it without running afoul of the Fourth Amendment, because the defendant did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in the location data emitted from the phone.
If this isn't a search, then the use of an IMSI catcher isn't a search, even though it involves the manipulation of a person's phone by law enforcement to obtain information otherwise not immediately obtainable.
As for the Riley decision, the court decides use of the phone is not the same as accessing the phone's contents.
Here, in contrast to Riley, the officer did not access any files on Hill’s phone, which was protected by a passcode. He “did not attempt to retrieve any information from within the phone,” United States v. Lawing, 703 F3d 229, 238 (II) (A) (ii) (4th Cir. 2012), but instead used the phone in a manner that caused it to send Hill’s telephone number to a third party, the 911 dispatcher. We do not construe Riley to prohibit an officer in lawful possession of a cellular phone from placing a call on that phone in an attempt to obtain identifying information about its owner. Moreover, we do not construe Riley to recognize a legitimate expectation of privacy in identifying, non-content information such as the person’s own phone number, address, birthdate, simply because that information was associated with a cellular phone account rather than a landline phone account or a piece of physical mail.
While historical cell site location info is generally considered to be free of expectations of privacy under the Third Party Doctrine, real-time access of this same information is still under discussion in several courts. Making the argument that law enforcement manipulation of a person's cell phone to extract information not otherwise immediately obtainable suggests that this particular court would look favorably on the use of Stingray devices to locate cell phones. After all, the phone's location is a third-party record, even though it's not a third-party record that isn't normally obtainable as it's being generated.
It's a limited ruling from a state appeals court, but it still shows advances in surveillance tech will be granted a lot of leeway by judges because of a decision nearly four decades old at this point (Smith v. Maryland, 1979). Had the court come to the conclusion it was a search, it wouldn't have saved Hill (because he abandoned his phone), but it at least would have recognized it's one thing to obtain third-party records from a third party. It's quite another when the government uses a closed loop to obtain the same info.
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Filed Under: 4th amendment, calling 911, georgia, phones, search
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This is nothing compared to 3D printing fingerprints
Fair Use quote:
"law enforcement officers approached a professor at Michigan State earlier this year to reproduce a murder victim’s fingerprint from a prerecorded scan. Once created, the 3D model would be used to create a false fingerprint, which could be used to unlock the phone."
The future is that no one in the Western World will have any security, any privacy or any redress
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not a one-off case
Which also further led to an unsolved kidnapping the previous year.
If I recall right, appeal reason was the phone was lost, not abandoned.
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Misuse of 911
There are other ways to identify the owner of a phone without using it to make a phone call... the IMEI and SIM could have been used to contact the carrier and obtain the phone number and name of the owner. I'm guessing they wouldn't have released that information without a warrant, and for good reason.
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Re: This is nothing compared to 3D printing fingerprints
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Re: Misuse of 911
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Re: This is nothing compared to 3D printing fingerprints
- Something you know (5th amendment vs. ("enhanced/extreme!") interrogation)
- Something you have (pass card etc vs. theft)
- Something you are (biometrics incl fingerprints vs. 3d printers)
Depending on how much security might be required, you would use combinations or multiples of all three.
"Something you are" just got converted to "something you have" in one of the most common cases and I imagine there are a -lot- of quite comprehensive fingerprint databases out there. Not just Mission Impossible/Bond villian territory now; kind of a big deal. Next step, printing retina scans I guess.
Thanks for the link.
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You missed a telling point here. What they have just said, is that the officer could call ANY number from the phone, and get identifying information from ANYONE.
Just as a for instance, they could call the last number dialed, and get the person answering to say anything, potentially implicating the owner - or the callee - in a crime.
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Am IMSI catcher scans a private area for a pinging-back phone
In the first case, it's a region being searched for a phone, and the question is if the police have grounds to search the territory.
In the second case it's a phone being searched for info.
The phone is not giving much info, and this may be a contents of your pockets kind of matter, but it is a search of the phone.
The question in all these cases should not be whether or not it counts as a technical search, but whether an officer should be allowed to do this without a warrant.
Frankly it sucks for the guy skipping out on his fare that he forgot his phone. That smacks of stupid crime.
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Re: Re: This is nothing compared to 3D printing fingerprints
Fingerprints have never been, and will never be, remotely secure enough to rely on for authentication. All but the most sophisticated scanners (which are large and expensive) can be easily spoofed by people with average skills and materials.
The sophisticated ones can be spoofed, too, but it takes more work and skill. Also, you're not going to have one of those on cell phones in the near future.
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CFAA?
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Re: CFAA?
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The police used the phone to do something it can do without password and without otherwise unlocking it. No debate here, all phones can make an emergency call. That information is "free".
After that, getting the information from the carrier is a no brainer as well. The phone company has that information and they are generally more than willing to share it.
So there really isn't much here, except perhaps a cop who is a little smarter than most taking advantage of technology to bring a criminal to justice.
Apparently, Techdirt hates it when criminals get arrested!
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Non-content information?
Since when is a SIM card or its smartphone equivalent not content? Without that content, there would have been no point in calling 911 in the first place.
Anyway, obviously this isn't the whole story because the only reason to call 911 instead of some officer's mobile is because the phone has caller id suppression switched on (which does not work on 911). So obviously the phone owner took some care in not providing this information to arbitrary third parties.
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Re: Re: This is nothing compared to 3D printing fingerprints
In many past successful attacks, the print was lifted from the scanner itself.
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CFAA violation
But police officers have magical immunity in the form of Prosecutorial Discretion. Essentially the DA chooses who to take to court or not on crimes.
So it's better to be chummy with the DA than it is to obey the law.
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Re: Re: This is nothing compared to 3D printing fingerprints
- Something you have (pass card etc vs. theft)
- Something you are (biometrics incl fingerprints vs. 3d printers)
You missed one - something you can do - as in signatures.
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No sympathy
It is really no different from the case of J Ealey who left his dog at the scene of the crime - all the police had to do was say "home boy!"
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Re: No sympathy
If the police can ignore the law whenever a suspect does not merit sympathy, we don't need a Bill of Rights to start with. And of course, they will be called out mostly when illegal searches actually do find something bad. Because otherwise you won't even get to know about most searches. So that's the only opportunity to bring police back into respecting the law.
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Re: Non-content information?
It's not content unless the data structures are copyrighted by a corporation and a consumer modifies them on their own device. Then it's totes content.
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Re: Re: Re: This is nothing compared to 3D printing fingerprints
It's reminds me of those services that could charge fees to your account based solely on your phone number. Just because someone knows my publicly available identification info doesn't mean that that 1) are me and 2) are authorized to make charges.
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Winston Smith at least had this one corner in his house that the cameras couldn't reach. But that might be described as a hack... a DMCA violation.
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Re: No sympathy
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Re: Re: This is nothing compared to 3D printing fingerprints
1) Don’t post it in plain sight
2) Don’t just use one password
3) Change your password if it is exposed
4) Don’t use dictionary words
5) Include numbers, capital letters and symbols
We leave your fingerprints all over the place every day. You've got 10 fingers, so you've got 10 passwords. What happens when you injure one or a company you've trusted has its database hacked? 9 passwords... The complexity of the hack is correlated with the complexity of the scanner, not the complexity of your finger print. Some scanners check only a few points and allow leeway to prevent failed scans. The "dictionary" is limited by scanner technology, which is out of your control, not by the "password" you select.
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Re: Re: No sympathy
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Re:
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Re:
Almost feels like a cold war between the US government and the US citizenry.
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Re: No sympathy
It's a question of protecting us all from law enforcement abuses.
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Re: Non-content information?
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Re: Re: Non-content information?
Mandatory emergency features only work by consent of the affected parties. When they become a viable tool for circumventing the law, people have a legitimate reason not to want them. Like unencrypted communication.
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Re:
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Re: Re: No sympathy
Do you think the police should have needed a warrant to say "home boy" to the dog?
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Re: Re: Re: No sympathy
I think what's being bemoaned here is the precedent, not the outcome in this specific case.
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Re:
In this case, you can replace the lock screen with any of a number of alternatives, some of which allow you to remove the ability to make even 911 calls if the phone is locked.
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Re: No sympathy
(I resisted as long as I could.)
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Re:
Upholding the rule of law needs to start with the enforcers of the law, which means they need to stop "enforcing their own brand of justice," or whatever.
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