Publishing Isn't A Job Anymore: It's A Button
from the disruption-at-work dept
Tim Lee points us to a really fantastic (as per usual) discussion with Clay Shirky about media disruption, in which he makes the key point that publishing is no longer a job, but a button:Publishing is not evolving. Publishing is going away. Because the word “publishing” means a cadre of professionals who are taking on the incredible difficulty and complexity and expense of making something public. That’s not a job anymore. That’s a button. There’s a button that says “publish,” and when you press it, it’s done.Now, of course, publishing as a profession means more than just making public, but that is the root of it, and Shirky is absolutely right that that role is changing completely -- and that means that the industries that built themselves up by glorifying their ability to be a gatekeeper in making things public are going to struggle to adapt. There certainly are other important roles, but they're not "publishing" per se.:
In ye olden times of 1997, it was difficult and expensive to make things public, and it was easy and cheap to keep things private. Privacy was the default setting. We had a class of people called publishers because it took special professional skill to make words and images visible to the public. Now it doesn’t take professional skills. It doesn’t take any skills. It takes a Wordpress install.
The question isn’t what happens to publishing — the entire category has been evacuated. The question is, what are the parent professions needed around writing? Publishing isn’t one of them. Editing, we need, desperately. Fact-checking, we need. For some kinds of long-form texts, we need designers. Will we have a movie-studio kind of setup, where you have one class of cinematographers over here and another class of art directors over there, and you hire them and put them together for different projects, or is all of that stuff going to be bundled under one roof? We don’t know yet. But the publishing apparatus is gone. Even if people want a physical artifact — pipe the PDF to a printing machine.When you think about it, this really does hit on the key point of disruption for so many of the industries we talk about today. The main role that the gatekeepers had was in helping to "make your work public." But that role isn't needed any more (nor is there any real gate any more). You can make anything public that you want and reach the entire world. Of course, there are still plenty of other things -- making it better, promoting it, monetizing it, etc. And all of those roles are very important, but the role of making something public was the only one that really had that gate. And since there was that gate, the gatekeeper could control everything and demand total ownership over the work. That's what we've seen for centuries.
The difference today is that the gates are gone, the need for help to make something public is gone, and those other things -- publicity, improving the product, monetizing, etc. -- can all be done by lots of organizations, rather than just a few. Thus, there is no need for gatekeepers, but (once again), it's all about the enablers. The enablers help make your work better, but still leave you and the work at the center. The gatekeepers stripped your work from you for a pittance. It's a very different world, but it's a much better world for creators -- and it all comes back to the fact that publishing is no longer a job, but a button.
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Filed Under: clay shirky, gatekeeper, publishing
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Publishing isn't just the act of pushing the button. Pushing the button on a blank page means there is nothing "published". What this shows is what I often see you doing here, getting too close to something, narrowly looking at one very small part of a process, and attempting to whitewash the rest of it from that single point of view.
WTG on missing the forest because of the tree you jammed into your eye.
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Typo
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The move from disablers to enablers
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sounds familiar
"and that means that the industries that built themselves up by glorifying their ability to be a gatekeeper in making things public are going to struggle to adapt"
...Sounds like it could apply to the Record Industry. They're losing their ability to control what goes public and they're keeping their heads in the sand wishing it would go away.
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Re:
You really need to stop looking in the mirror when you write. Your self hatred is bleeding into your commentary on articles you clearly did not read.
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Re: sounds familiar
The video game publisher is going away because of many many new methods of self distribution. The movie publisher is going away for the same reason. The music publisher. The book publisher etc etc. The world of gatekeeping is going away completely.
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Oh wait...attacking credibility instead of addressing the point, I get it.
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Re: Re: Time waste
Trolls can't help it, and shills won't stop because they're being paid to be Johnny-on-the-spot with vitriol.
Either way, no stop in sight.
Just remember what the Bible says: "Heap the hot coals of kindness on their heads."
So, once we find him, one of can hold him down and the other can shovel the coals on him.
;-P
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That would be a foolish thing to say (hint: it would be duplication, not publishing). Now, please tell me why the "publish" button on my Wordpress installation isn't publishing anything, even though my post is published as soon as I press that button. That should be entertaining.
"Pushing the button on a blank page means there is nothing "published"."
So... nothing is published unless there's something to publish? If there's something to publish, it's published, and Mike is somehow being misleading by not stating the frigging obvious?
Idiocy on every post, thank you for your constant entertainment value.
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Soundbite failure
This is a horrible oversimplification. I usually agree with you, but I suppose you can't be right all the time, Mike.
What is more true to say is that publishing is now available to more and more artists directly.
However, it's still quite a lot of work, and includes quite a lot of different tasks and skills. (I suppose it might be more fair to say that *preparing* it for publication is what takes the work, but if you want to use that definition then sooner or later it was always a button at the big publishing house as well).
In fact, publishing presents much the same challenge for artists going it alone as marketing: if the artist is going to do it, and there's absolutely no reason why they should not, then they need to put the effort in to achieve that.
Now I've got absolutely no problem with making all of these tools more accessible to artists, in fact I think that's exactly the right thing to do to drive progress - not only of the artist's business model, but also of all those tools!
But I also accept the argument that some artists are better at the creative part of the process than the selling part, or the mass producing part, and will always be happy to have someone (independant or otherwise) in their employ to push those buttons (after all the work they do to get to that stage, ha ha.)
But sooner or later there's a lot of work to be done simply publishing something for which the 'artistic' side of the process was largely completed long before.
Some artists won't want to engage with that, as I already said. The flipside, of course, is that it's also quite likely that some people will step up and fill the publishing gap that as the big players lose their grasp on it. And for a significant number of tasks, they'll be both better and faster at it, as well as making less errors, all good benefits of specialisation. And that will make their services worthwhile, for at least some proportion of those artists.
In short, whilst publishing may now be more accessible than ever, it's still a job or at least a series of (somewhat skiled) tasks, and it still needs to be attended to.
Customers absolutely can tell the difference between something which has been pushed out, half published if you will, and something that has been properly prepared.
So the artist will still want to choose between finding someone to do it for them, or learning to do it for themselves. Both valid choices. Both recognising that there's no 'magic button'.
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Re: Soundbite failure
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This article is extraordinarily silly
Can a writer do all those things? Yeah, sure, but they take a significant amount of time and/or money. To pretend otherwise is simply ignorant. Most of the people who think publishers are just horrible gatekeepers with nothing to offer are the ones with shoddy, terribly produced Kindle books that no one but their mothers have ever heard of. The people who are successful at self-publishing are the ones who realize publishing is a distinct job -- it's just one they're willing to work at themselves, which is fine.
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Looking at how that reversed I can see the rise of a new profession, that of "Priviters". People that instead of trying to work hard to get things out in public instead work hard to help you keep your information private.
Thinking about it I'm sure there already are several offering services like that but I'm sure that is an industry that we will see skyrocket in coming years.
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Re: Re: sounds familiar
Again, that's a distinct job from being an artist.
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You almost got it Paul, but once again, you are too busy trying to defend Mike to actually think for yourself.
The "publish" button isn't any more significant in the process than any of the other parts. If you didn't write a post, and just pushed "publish" you would end up with a blog full of nothing.
Let's try another example: If you have wordpress on your local machine, and you write something and push "publish" was it in fact published? Nope. It was saved on a database. The actual public distribution is the key, not the silly button. Without the webserver, without connectivity, and yes, without people actually seeing your work your publish button does nothing except stroke your own ego.
The publish button does very little in and of itself, and certainly has not by itself replaced a publishing industry. I know it's hard to understand, but try stepping back and actually thinking about it, instead of just accepting your morning spoon of pap.
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Sure. Self-publishing has existed for a long time before e-publishing. Printers will print whatever you want them to, a marketer will market whatever you ask of them, so in that sense, there have never been gatekeepers. Sure, it's a bit easier now, but that doesn't mean anything, philosophically.
The fact of the matter is that "publishing" has never simply meant "making available to the public." Never.
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Re: This article is extraordinarily silly
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From the article I don't agree with this statement. A marketer is not a publisher. He is hired by the publisher. The same applies to other two jobs. Publishing something is actually the last step. Once all the different pieces are put together digitally, the publisher(Symbolicly) pushes a button and it is done, the books are generated by machines, boxes labelled and shipped to book sellers all by pushing the button. Or they are distributed on the Internet as e-books(no physical books needed).
Once an artist has the digital version, he now has a choice of several Internet sights that will make his physical books. Even create ISBN numbers.
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"Pub"lishing itself is a creative act
Beginning with type face, then going onto the layout (different for poetry than prose than a news article or blog) the positioning of whatever illustrations the author wants to include. It's a lot of work.
Right from understanding that most web pages are more readable using a sans-serif font the the one this post will be be in than a serif font like Times New Roman. The squiggly bits on a serif font aren't decoration they're there to guide the eye on a printed page full of dense text. So the publisher, be it the author or the person the author is working with to self publish need to know the target media be it a web page, the printed page or a PDF or other format simply for type selection.
What's happening now, is a shift away from the gatekeepers to the creators themselves and becoming a process the creators can control and guide and THEN it's done at the push of a button. But do keep in mind that what we call "publishing" is, itself, a creative act.
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From a publisher's perspective, the work it takes to publish something as a pdf or website as opposed to a printed piece of paper is about the same. You still have to write it, edit it, design it, publish it, promote it, and sell it.
Technology has changed each step:
Writers use word processors and access to the internet saves them enormous amounts of time in research.
Editors also use word processors that track all the changes they make to a document. This help speed up the whole process.
Designers have amazing tools to make attention grabbing work in a short amount of time.
Printing on paper is an expensive, time consuming process that you can now bypass.
Promoting and selling is easier, cheaper, and faster than ever before.
Basically, the process of publishing has sped up drastically, making it cheaper and easier to publish anything. That's the only reason publishers have stayed in business.
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Actually, many (most, perhaps) big publishers have an in-house marketing team, cover artists, editors, etc. That's all part of the publisher's duties. Some may choose to hire out, some may choose to keep those roles on staff. But either way, editing, marketing, art, at the end of the day it's all part of the publisher's job.
Publishing in the modern era has never been simple defined as "making available."
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Real entry barriers have been destroyed.
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Rhetoric --> dishonesty, avoid it
This is a shame, considering the vast number of good points that have been made here. This post shouldn't devalue those before it, but for some, it will. Greater care is advised to avoid such missteps in the future.
A more in depth view of the shift, accounting for what the button represents and criticizing the article on the points it misses, would have gone a long way in establishing the desire for honest discussion.
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Please, if you have a point, lay it on the hypothetical table and let us judge it on its own merits.
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Re: Re: Re: This article is extraordinarily silly
Your cover art example is especially funny since this is typically something that the author has no control over and quite often finds objectionable.
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Ergo, no point in debating empty rhetoric. The AC isn't interested in discussion.
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And that's exactly why we're seeing smaller independants stepping up, and more artists taking control of the process for themselves. Both good things, both driven by market forces.
But some people here are pretending that the work which is being done, is not being done, and that does little to advance the debate.
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Re: Re: Re: Re: This article is extraordinarily silly
"making you less and less relevant"
Are you under the impression that I'm a publisher? Definitely not the case.
"Your cover art example is especially funny since this is typically something that the author has no control over and quite often finds objectionable."
"Quite often" is severely stretching it, but the point of cover art is to sell the book. In any case, I don't see how that contradicts my point. Cover art is part of "publishing" regardless of whether or not it's done well.
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Maybe the post didn't make this clear (debatable), but fundamentally, new technologies and new methods of social interaction are removing or minimizing any need for a middleman to reach large audiences.
Are you suggesting that doesn't radically change what a publishers' organization needs to offer and to be?
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Re: Typo
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Re: Real entry barriers have been destroyed.
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Re: This article is extraordinarily silly
You should try reading the post. I addressed all of that.
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Re: This article is extraordinarily silly
That being said, for how long will we need editors? Google's new editing software in google docs will consider context, e.g., "Can we meat for dinner?" will throw an error.
Marketing will always have a place, I'm sure, but the bigger you are, the easier it is to market.
The real meat of the topic is that there is a shift in power: writers won't submit their book to a publisher in the hopes that they pick it to publish, instead, writers will hire one or more people to fill the roles they need filled, and, well, press "Publish".
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He's redefined "publisher" to mean something it doesn't mean, and then claimed that non-existent entity isn't necessary anymore.
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And also by your own admission, the publishers themselves don't actually publish, they edit, wordsmith, do copy layouts and print. but without the distribution channels (the web server and web connectivity in your example) they aren't publishing.
All this article is pointing out is that the traditional role of publishers is being turned on its head. If I create something, I don't have to wait for the blessing from one of a handful of publishers. I can get my publication out for the world to see without their input. They are not necessary anymore. The services they provide are nice, but not necessary.
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And everything a publisher offers is still highly relevant. Marketing. Editing. Art. A writer can do that himself, and that's fine, but that just means the writer has become the publisher. And a lot of writers have no interest in being publishers.
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Re: Re: This article is extraordinarily silly
Are you serious? When we get to the point that computers can understand natural language, we'll have a lot more relevant issues than whether publishers should still exist.
(and a good counterexample, Google Docs considers "all right" to be an error).
"writers won't submit their book to a publisher in the hopes that they pick it to publish, instead, writers will hire one or more people to fill the roles they need filled, and, well, press "Publish"."
And that might be a salient point, but it's not the one the article made. In that scenario, the writer has just become the publisher. It doesn't make the publisher's job any less necessary.
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Re: Re: Real entry barriers have been destroyed.
Think of it like a college or grad degree. It may or may not carry with it a guarantee of quality (or intelligence, or ability) but it tells the consuming public something about others' opinions of you in the relevant area. You can't discount the value of that.
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Re: Re: Re: This article is extraordinarily silly
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That's right! You got it!
It's important to realize that a publisher isn't a push button thing, it's not a commodity items. Most publishers are also distributors, marketers, promotional houses, payment collection systems, and a whole bunch of other things. Putting a publish button on a blog doesn't suddenly make publishers disappear.
Instead, you put your ebook on a publishing site, that promotes it, distributes it, collects the money, and pays you. Seems like the publishers pretty much went virtual, and didn't disappear.
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Which is why I headed my post 'Soundbyte Failure'
Publishing remainss a large set of tasks, which is still being done.
I couldn't agree more that the gatekeepers are no longer the only game in town. But the issue isn't that their work is no longer necessary, it's that for many people it simply doesn't return on investment, and there are now better alternatives.
Oh, I uploaded a brief video example, which relates to my own work, in case anyone is interested:
http://youtu.be/cvRcuBwmkGE
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Re: Re: This article is extraordinarily silly
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Re: This article is extraordinarily silly
Saying "no, your definition is wrong" but not supplying a better one is wrong also. What he was saying is that the definition of publishing has changed from the gatekeeper role that used to have all of the contacts ready to handle all of the underlying tasks (and take the copyright away from the author). To a role that any author can undertake themself by making their own contacts (usually via the Internet) and publishing the work without a gatekeeper.
The end result is a published work where the artist/creator/author still owns the copyright to their work, they get more of the fruits of their labor, and will sink or swim because of their own efforts and not the mysterious mechanizations (that they get charged for) inside the big publishing house where they lose control of their own work.
Now, you may think that my definition/example is also not right, but then maybe you will stand up your own definition of publishing as a counter arguement and let the rest of us take potshots at it. Although it would be better if another counter-defintion is used to move the topic forward. The potshots don't really help except in a few rare cases of specific small points. Make your best effort and give your point of view defintion of publishing and we can then offer our insight on where you are right or wrong. This system is often referred to as the "Triad" or thesis-antithesis-synthesis methodology often attributed to Hegel (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel#Triads) to continously refine the idea until it has evolved into its final (for now) form. Please put forward your considered antithesis for consideration and then let the synthisis phase begin. Then we'll start all over again for the next round.
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Re: Which is why I headed my post 'Soundbyte Failure'
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Re: Re: Re: Re: This article is extraordinarily silly
I feel like we're all getting caught up in semantics to what a publisher is. I am pretty sure that the underlying point was the one I made above: that control is shifting away from middlemen, however useful, and back into the hands of the artist. This is a big deal.
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And most of the traditional publishers didn't write anything either. They published someone else's work. So your point it again?
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Re: Re: Re: Real entry barriers have been destroyed.
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Now that everything has been made available either through freelance or DIY, there is no need. There are no more gates to be controlled.
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Re: Re: Re: sounds familiar
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Re: This article is extraordinarily silly
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That being said, I'm all for the bad things about the gatekeepers going away, but many of the jobs they perform in publishing are still going to exist whether they do them or you do it yourself or hire someone else to do it for you.
[DISCLOSURE] I do work in digital publishing (e-book design), and I can't tell you how many independent authors I've heard complaining that they can't sell many e-books (that are full of spelling and grammatical errors, and worded in a way that you can't understand what they are trying to say, and with a layout that looks like they just used a word processor for the first time).
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Re: This article is extraordinarily silly
1) The Publisher finds content. It is no longer necessary to have an organization that does this. The creator can create and distribute the content on their own. The consumers have a greater ability to find new works to consume.
2) The Publisher edits. This can be outsourced. You can do this through the community or you can hire someone to do it for you. Again, we don't need a publisher for this function.
3) A publisher handles marketing. This could still be necessary if you cannot afford but want large television, radio and print advertising. However, for smaller creators social networks can work just as well, if not better. So for most creators, there is no need to have a publisher here.
4) Publishers create cover art. This is one of the easiest things to outsource for a few hundred dollars. Just recently JA Konrath was pointing people to a colleague of his that creates professional covers for $150. Why do we need a publisher for this?
5) Publishers find an illustrator. Again, this one can be outsourced. There are plenty of sites with artists who would be more than willing to illustrate a book for a portion of the revenue or an upfront fee. You can find these people on your own. No need for a publisher.
6) A Publisher gets content to the consumer. Once again we see that this can be done by the creator of the work. There is no longer a need for a publisher unless your goal is to get into retail stores that are still under gatekeeper control. For most creators that is not necessary and thus don't need a publisher.
7) A Publisher provides validation for a creator. For the longest time, it was a form of validation to get noticed and published by an established publisher. This is no longer necessary unless your goal is to gain membership in some kind of guild that makes it a requirement. For most people there is no reason to be in a guild so why do we need that validation from a publisher? Consumers don't care. They just want something entertaining. A publisher is no guarantee that something will be entertaining.
So tell me again, what does a publisher provide that a creator can't do for themselves or outsource?
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Yes. A lot of writers don't want to perform some of the roles typically taken on by a publisher. However, they can outsource those roles and still get them done. The rising number of self published authors shows that things are changing.
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Re: sounds familiar
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Re: Re: Re: Real entry barriers have been destroyed.
True, but so what? The "cachet" of the traditional publisher has always been overstated, and is diminishing anyway. Very few readers select their material based on the publisher. Almost none make any assumption about the quality of a work based of who published it.
What the old-school publisher actually brought to the table was not prestige, but access to the marketplace.
Not exactly. In the book world, major publishers are shorthand for sales figures. Your "resume" does not look any worse if it says "My personal publishing company sold 100,000 copies of each of my books" vs "[big name publisher] sold 100,000 copies of each of my books".
And who cares about resumes anyway? Readers don't. They care about whether or not they like the work. They decide this prior to reading by listening to the opinions of people they know share their taste and by assuming that if the author wrote something they liked before, they'll probably like his new works too.
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You can hire 3 or 4 different companies / individuals to accomplish the same thing. The results are the same.
Mike is just standing way too close to something to understand it as a whole.
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It depends. Considering that Amazon and others have different formats, effectively when you list an ebook at Amazon, they are publishing it for Kindle.
The definition is slippery, which is why Mike's post is slimy. It tries to redefine a wide scoping term by looking at a narrow part of it's use, and then boot strapping from there.
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Wow so many comments to define publisher
Result: Publisher = person or company whose business is the publishing of books, periodicals, engravings, computer software, etc. (found here)
publishing = to issue (printed or otherwise reproduced textual or graphic material, computer software, etc.) for sale or distribution to the public.
There is no performance factor no quality factor in the definition of a publisher so.... why do we always have to complicate things... give a publisher this divine.... shit
See this is a publisher! And everybody went waaaaaaaaa.
Now if we are to compere... take this
Doctor = 1. a person licensed to practice medicine, as a physician, surgeon, dentist, or veterinarian.
2. a person who has been awarded a doctor's degree
doctor's degree = 1. the highest academic degree in any field of knowledge.
Can someone point me to a Dr. in publishing I have this article I want to post on my blog....
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Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Real entry barriers have been destroyed.
That's right. And I never said that it doesn't matter in the big picture. I said that it has diminishing value, which I stand by.
However, I don't think it matters in the slightest to the vast majority of readers. I've not done a market study, so I don't know for sure, but I do know this: I read a lot, and most of my friends read a lot, and never once in my life have I ever heard a reader mention a publishing house when talking about the merits or lack thereof of a given work.
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Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Real entry barriers have been destroyed.
Publishing houses matter a whole lot to traditional retailers, for reasons which have nothing to do with the quality of the work itself.
However, traditional retailers are becoming less important every day, as is the value of having a traditional publisher's imprint.
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Exactly the point! By hiring a number of different people to do the different parts, you are freed from the tyranny of having a single monolith gatekeeper. The results, as you say, are the same, so using multiple service providers is the better way to go.
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Add Curation To The Services That Still Add Value
"Editing, we need, desperately. Fact-checking, we need. For some kinds of long-form texts, we need designers."
"publicity, improving the product, monetizing"
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Re: Re: Re: This article is extraordinarily silly
But not for much longer, which is kinda the whole point. Your "inherent value" was a product of publishers' gatekeeper function, which is becoming redundant.
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Re: Rhetoric --> dishonesty, avoid it
It's sad to see simple bandwagonism where such big, interesting issues are on the table.
Sorry, Mike, but you're the captain here, and this was a fail. I hope you learn from this one--I'm pretty confident you will. You pretty consistently impress me with the site, which is why I wanted to weigh in here. Oh, and hey all--don't let yourself off the hook with comments like "You're in complete denial." It's the Internet equivalent of giving another driver the finger.
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Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Real entry barriers have been destroyed.
Again: my position is that having a publisher is important when it comes to getting your books into bookstores, reviewed by media outlets whose opinions raise your number of likely readers and, by extension, the number of books you can hope to sell.
Diminishing value? Could definitely be. I don't think it's diminishing quickly, though, and definitely not as quickly as the importance of gatekeepers in music and movie arenas.
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"If you didn't write a post, and just pushed "publish" you would end up with a blog full of nothing."
...and if I didn't submit my manuscript to a traditional publisher, they wouldn't be able to publish my work either. Does this mean that traditional publishers aren't publishers? You're actually trying to claim that I can't be a publisher because the writing, editing and publishing/distribution aspects are separate. Wow.
"If you have wordpress on your local machine, and you write something and push "publish" was it in fact published? "
Yes. It was published to a local machine, which would be an idiotic thing to do considering you need a web server and various other web-based components to install Wordpress. Either way, since my Wordpress instance is on a public webserver, yes it's published to the world as soon as I click that button.
By your definition, if I print off a bunch of leaflets or I haven't "published" them until the point I start to distribute them (the publish button on Wordpress would do both simultaneously). That's splitting hairs to such a moronic degree, I can't be bothered to argue.
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I can now do all of those things myself as well. I can hire a publisher if I don't wish to do the legwork myself or possibly get better results. But, I don't *have* to, and unlike previous eras, I needn't incur significant costs doing those things myself.
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As the writer descended into the fiery pits, she saw row upon row of writers chained to their desks in a steaming sweatshop. As they worked, they were repeatedly whipped with thorny lashes.
"Oh my," said the writer. "Let me see heaven now."
A few moments later, as she ascended into heaven, she saw rows of writers, chained to their desks in a steaming sweatshop. As they worked, they, too, were whipped with thorny lashes.
"Wait a minute," said the writer. "This is just as bad as hell!"
"Oh no, it's not," replied her guide.
"Come on!" she protested. "What's the difference?"
"Here," she said, "your work gets published."
http://www.jumbojoke.com/heaven_and_hell_for_writers.html
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Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Real entry barriers have been destroyed.
I don't disagree. My point is that getting into bookstores is not as important as it used to be, and is of decreasing importance over time. You need a publisher to get into the stores, but if you don't need to get in the stores, the cost/benefit of a traditional publisher can become unfavorable to the author.
The sea change that's happening is that the barrier of entry has come way down. An author doesn't need to sell as many books to make an income comparable to what was needed a decade or two ago.
Without a traditional publisher, it's harder to become the next rock star of the literary world -- but realistically, that's unlikely to ever happen anyway even if you're an excellent writer.
However, it's easier than ever (not to say it's easy!) to make a decent living writing books, and easier than ever to enter that career path, because of the declining power of traditional publishers.
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Not even close
All the same actions are taken: writing a great story, editing, quality cover design, marketing, public relations. The only difference is that sometimes these tasks are done by a traditional publisher and sometimes these are taken on by a small-business owner (the author) who enjoys hanging out their own shingle just as CPA's, doctors, and lawyers do.
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bearings suppliers
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Re: Re: This article is extraordinarily silly
What's it like living your life as a notorious douchebag?
Your parents must be thrilled their money bought that Cornell degree and resulted in this...
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Re: Re: Re: This article is extraordinarily silly
Why don't you tell us? Jealous that Mike actually has an education past 8th grade?
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Re: Re: This article is extraordinarily silly
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