New Hampshire Politicians Want To Make 'Satellite View' On Maps A Criminal Offense

from the say-what-now? dept

This is insane. Some politicians in New Hampshire have put forth a bill that would make it illegal to do aerial photography of any "residential dwelling." The key text of HB-619-FN is as follows:
A person is guilty of a class A misdemeanor if such person knowingly creates or assists in creating an image of the exterior of any residential dwelling in this state where such image is created by or with the assistance of a satellite, drone, or any device that is not supported by the ground. This prohibition shall not apply where the image does not reveal forms identifiable as human beings or man-made objects.
If you're thinking that this would make it a misdemeanor (which is still a crime...) for people to work on things like Mapquest, Google Maps and Bing Maps -- all of which have "aerial" views (often called "satellite view," though some are assisted by airplanes as well) -- to even exist, well, then, you have a point. Also, I don't know about you, but I've taken plenty of photographs out the window of an airplane, which have certainly included images of residential dwellings which revealed "forms identifiable as... man-made objects."

This seems like an extremist view of what "privacy" should be about, ignoring the fact that an aerial shot of your house is simply not a privacy issue. I am reminded, not surprisingly, of the story which resulted in the coining of "The Streisand Effect," in which Barbara Streisand sued a photographer for taking an aerial photograph of her house, as part of a project to photograph the entire California coastline from a helicopter (to study the impact of erosion). It was crazy to think of that as a privacy violation, and the court clearly agreed, siding with the photographer over Streisand.

And, it appears, lots of other courts have said that photographing someone's residence is perfectly legal:
Many courts have held that it’s not illegal to photograph a residence, such as the case in California and South Carolina and the issue has been addressed by other lawyers here and here. Usually the issue is whether the photograph invades the privacy of a person, which is difficult to do from the air, but is already addressed by case law.
Hopefully the legislature in New Hampshire realizes this is a complete overreach in the name of bogus privacy claims and drops the bill.
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Filed Under: aerial photography, free speech, new hampshire, privacy


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  1. icon
    Zakida Paul (profile), 22 Feb 2013 @ 8:00am

    "Some politicians in New Hampshire have put forth a bill that would make it illegal to do aerial photography of any "residential dwelling.""

    I bet it would not be illegal for the NSA/CIA/FBI.

    Do as I say, not as I do.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  2. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 22 Feb 2013 @ 8:00am

    Drones anyone?

    Yeah, probably applies to us private citizens only. Lets keep them uninformed and under control... The government can spy away all they like and nobody cares.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  3. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 22 Feb 2013 @ 8:01am

    so, doing this in basically any form would be a prosecutable offense but combing through your laptop HDD, your cellphone or your mail is perfectly ok? give me strength!!

    link to this | view in thread ]

  4. identicon
    Vic, 22 Feb 2013 @ 8:03am

    So, walking down the street and taking pictures is fine. But jumping up and taking picture while "not supported by the ground" will be a Class A misdemeanor? Don't know why, but "witch hunt" comes to mind reading that proposal, and I start thinking in terms of 1700s...

    link to this | view in thread ]

  5. icon
    Zakida Paul (profile), 22 Feb 2013 @ 8:08am

    I just thought of something. Some people like to commission a photographer to take an aerial picture of their home (we have done it several times). Would that be illegal under these proposals?

    link to this | view in thread ]

  6. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 22 Feb 2013 @ 8:14am

    Man-made objects

    "... forms identifiable as man-made objects."

    So, basically, any satellite image showing a car, truck, street, house, skyscraper, factory, or anything else man-made?

    link to this | view in thread ]

  7. identicon
    Oliver Wendell Jones, 22 Feb 2013 @ 8:14am

    Is it about mapping or peeping?

    I imagine that this law has more to do with privately owned drones and R/C helicopters equipped with HD video cameras that can be used to observe your neighbor sunbathing more than it has to do with not allowing Google, Bing, Mapquest, etc. to continue to use such imagery to provide a better quality product.

    There has also been instances of the EPA using drones to fly over farmland looking for violations, and other such "domestic spying" that they may be trying to prevent.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  8. identicon
    John Doe, 22 Feb 2013 @ 8:16am

    Good bye Larry and Sergey

    It was nice knowing Larry and Sergey. I am sure the world will be a greatly changed place after they get out of jail from all the millions of misdemeanor counts they will be charged with.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  9. icon
    PaulT (profile), 22 Feb 2013 @ 8:17am

    Re:

    Hmmm... interesting. On a quick skim of the text I can see exceptions for law enforcement but not private citizens except where they're involved in a similar type of investigation. That could lead to interesting court cases - all you need is for you to hire someone for a legitimate job, then a neighbour complains about the photographer's plane, and all sorts of unintended fun for all!

    link to this | view in thread ]

  10. icon
    Atkray (profile), 22 Feb 2013 @ 8:18am

    Skydivers?

    I guess anyone skydiving won't be able to take pictures looking down.

    This really is a well thought out piece of legislation.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  11. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 22 Feb 2013 @ 8:21am

    Where is the "it will make it easier for criminals" crowd?

    link to this | view in thread ]

  12. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 22 Feb 2013 @ 8:25am

    Re:

    @5

    everything is illegal, or at least is heading in the direction of being illegal, unless 'the authorities' say it isn't illegal. please remember to bear in mind that

    a)they were voted into the positions of authority by the people

    b)they are supposed to be representing the people

    c)they are supposed to be keeping the people 'safe' (not sure from whom any more though!)

    link to this | view in thread ]

  13. icon
    Eponymous Coward (profile), 22 Feb 2013 @ 8:25am

    Re: Man-made objects

    Don't forget sports arenas, furrows in fields, highways, exhaust plumes from industrial sites, canals, retention ponds and reservoirs, dams, airports.

    Gonna need some shitty optics to take aerial photographs without crossing the man...

    Bob Ross in a hot air balloon would be out as well.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  14. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 22 Feb 2013 @ 8:26am

    New Hampshire Decides to fine Civil bureaucracies

    New trolling method found! Fine all the bureaucracies
    and people in them. Then they pass the bill onto the tax payer.


    Since municipalities, city, county, state and federal agencies have been using aerial photography for planning, development of residencies, businesses, roads, waterways for over 60yrs. Much less all the insurance companies, and disaster relief organizations, general contractors. I don't see this passing, much less withstanding a test of the judicial system.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  15. icon
    ComputerAddict (profile), 22 Feb 2013 @ 8:28am

    Re: Good bye Larry and Sergey

    I kinda hope Google / Bing / Openstreetmap Blacks out NH. Right along the border just complete blackout.

    Then just wait till the law is repealed.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  16. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 22 Feb 2013 @ 8:30am

    Re: Is it about mapping or peeping?

    You actually probably can't separate the two.

    Game publishers would be screwed, surveyors would get screwed, GIS making would become a problem if you are trying to map the 4th dimension(time) that means you can't make detailed maps of any region. Next generation devices that are position aware would be affected also, they create maps of interiors of buildings and show it to you, so you know exactly where you are all the time, this means robots will have to find another way to locate themselves in space.

    Making everything illegal would have huge drawbacks.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  17. icon
    Chosen Reject (profile), 22 Feb 2013 @ 8:31am

    Re:

    I know they say satellites, but I think they can make an exception since satellites only stay in in orbit because of the earth's gravitational pull, therefore the satellites are supported by the ground.

    Problem solved. Next please.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  18. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 22 Feb 2013 @ 8:34am

    There is a principle in real estate that when you own a piece of land you own from the ground to a mile up. So isn't the pilot of any plane or helicopter that flies over your property less than a mile up trespassing?

    link to this | view in thread ]

  19. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 22 Feb 2013 @ 8:37am

    New Hampshire Flattens the State

    Just in. New bill submitted in New Hampshire. No building can be over 1 story tall, and roof access to those not allowed. All hills, mountains and valleys to be leveled. State will make sure no one can look over any fences. All pilots must were blindfolds. State warns neighboring states not to build anything tall near the borders.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  20. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 22 Feb 2013 @ 8:42am

    Youtube: Google Glass Commercial - How It Feels That would be a illegal device.

    Youtube: Lochleven Luxury Residence by GIS Virtual Making virtual toors to sell homes, show off new buildings would be a crime now.

    Youtube: GPS to GIS: Mapping Field Data with ArcGIS Explorer Most mapping software (GIS - Geographic Information Systems) would be illegal.

    Photo to 3D Every single cell camera or photo camera on the market would become illegal since it is common to extract 3D coordinates from photos.

    Other fields impacted, emergency planning, archeology and so many other things.

    I don't think they thought this thing through.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  21. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 22 Feb 2013 @ 8:47am

    Re: Re:

    They are supposed to be keeping the people free, not "safe."

    link to this | view in thread ]

  22. icon
    andrew_duane (profile), 22 Feb 2013 @ 8:48am

    More info on Rep. Kurk

    Since he's almost my district in NH, I looked him up on the state legislature website. I found his set of bills sponsored:

    http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/house/members/memberbillssponsored.aspx?member=372821

    In general, it's a reasonable set of "privacy" related items: pulling SS#'s off court documents, refusing federal ID requirements, etc. This one is just out of left field though. Not sure what he is trying to accomplish.

    To send him mail, get to his home page at:

    http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/house/members/member.aspx

    link to this | view in thread ]

  23. icon
    Josh in CharlotteNC (profile), 22 Feb 2013 @ 8:52am

    Re: Re: Man-made objects

    furrows in fields

    Well, at least crop circles are ok, then.
    :insert picture of crazy haired History channel alien guy:

    link to this | view in thread ]

  24. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 22 Feb 2013 @ 9:01am

    They left out the "for the internet" clause. That's what this is really about. Everyone wants an internet privacy law under their belt.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  25. icon
    Vidiot (profile), 22 Feb 2013 @ 9:07am

    Go for broke

    Why limit it to aerial? Let's add in "... the land-based creation of graven images, such as may be shown to purloin the divine soul of a Citizen of the Great State of New Hampshire."

    link to this | view in thread ]

  26. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 22 Feb 2013 @ 9:10am

    Re: Re:

    Nice.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  27. identicon
    Mr. Applegate, 22 Feb 2013 @ 9:11am

    YAY!

    This is great. Now I don't have to worry about them doing areal assessments to see if I have improved my property for my states property taxes, because those taking the images will goto jail!

    Awesome!

    link to this | view in thread ]

  28. identicon
    Beech, 22 Feb 2013 @ 9:14am

    Re: Is it about mapping or peeping?

    Still unforgivable. If that is the point of the bill than they should have said that instead of being so vague damn near any photography from above could be considered illegal.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  29. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 22 Feb 2013 @ 9:18am

    Re: Re:

    The way to discount this is even easier. Simply interpret "supported" as controlled by or in coordinated with an entity on the ground and all is good again.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  30. identicon
    Vic, 22 Feb 2013 @ 9:22am

    Re: Re:

    Yeah, I thought about gravitation too. But then again, it's a gravitational pull, not exactly a support (vector is in opposite direction)

    link to this | view in thread ]

  31. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 22 Feb 2013 @ 9:25am

    Re: Re:

    Technically, aircraft are supported by the air below their wings and/or rotors them pushing against the ground so that should also classify as being supported by the ground.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  32. icon
    Ninja (profile), 22 Feb 2013 @ 9:25am

    Re:

    Politicians thinking about collateral damage their bills may cause. Yeah, nice joke there!

    link to this | view in thread ]

  33. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 22 Feb 2013 @ 9:28am

    Re: More info on Rep. Kurk

    Judging by your info and some of the language in the bill it probably was supposed to be an anti-spying on Americans bill. The wording of "drone" and "satellite" would seem to refer to methods the US/Federal Agencies would spy on people.

    If that's the case, this is probably a bill of good intentions, but bad implementation.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  34. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 22 Feb 2013 @ 9:29am

    seems to me that at least one of the sponsors of this new law have seen their girlfriends car in their driveway on Google Maps and want to get rid of the image before the wifey finds out...could be? Just sayin'.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  35. icon
    John Fenderson (profile), 22 Feb 2013 @ 9:37am

    Re: Is it about mapping or peeping?

    I imagine that this law has more to do with privately owned drones and R/C helicopters equipped with HD video cameras


    If so, the bill would have said that and would have omitted references to satellites.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  36. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 22 Feb 2013 @ 9:38am

    I find this ironic coming from a state whose motto is "Live free or die." Perhaps these politicians have a death wish?

    link to this | view in thread ]

  37. icon
    radarmonkey (profile), 22 Feb 2013 @ 9:42am

    I suppose this law would ground all news helicopters reporting on actual events,as well as police helicopters, since they also have cameras to catch the bad guys.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  38. icon
    BeaverJuicer (profile), 22 Feb 2013 @ 9:44am

    Re:

    I was about to write just that...

    link to this | view in thread ]

  39. icon
    Gracey (profile), 22 Feb 2013 @ 9:45am

    [where such image is created by or with the assistance of a satellite, drone, or any device that is not supported by the ground.]

    So I wonder if a balloon and gondola tethered to the ground fits that description?

    Otherwise, Google Maps will be utilizing some really big cranes if they want visuals for the maps.

    How taking aerial photos of something is considered a criminal offense is beyond me. It's okay to stand in the street and take a snapshot of the house, but not okay to do it from the air...hmmmm. A shot of your house front from the street is likely to reveal as much or more than aerial view would.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  40. icon
    Berenerd (profile), 22 Feb 2013 @ 9:49am

    So if this is so...

    I hope they plan on enlarging their holding cells because they will be putting "Drone" operators working for the government and anyone who has a satalite up in space in there as well...

    link to this | view in thread ]

  41. icon
    Machin Shin (profile), 22 Feb 2013 @ 9:51am

    misdemeanor?

    So anyone else find themselves wondering, Why would someone with the money to buy themselves a shiny satellite really care about a misdemeanor?

    I mean I am sure a guy like Bill Gates is trembling in his boots. His multimillion dollar satellite broke a law and now he has a ticket for $200. Oh no....

    Whats more, I'm sure this law will not apply to any government agency. So it is just hypocritical bullshit.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  42. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 22 Feb 2013 @ 9:55am

    So no more Estes Rocket cameras :(
    I'll miss my AstroCam 110 :(

    link to this | view in thread ]

  43. identicon
    Leonard, 22 Feb 2013 @ 10:06am

    Really?

    The United States is falling apart and this is what they come up with?

    link to this | view in thread ]

  44. identicon
    JEDIDIAH, 22 Feb 2013 @ 10:09am

    Re: Re: Re:

    Yes. That's pretty much the state of things.

    Based on our founding ideals, the idea should be "why not" rather than "justify yourself". Corporate lobbying is pushing very hard for the latter. Plenty of idiots are joining in and are happy to be unpaid shills for Robber Barons and tyrants.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  45. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 22 Feb 2013 @ 10:11am

    How about the poor helicopter pilots/photographers...

    Will nobody think of the poor helicopter pilots/photographers who make their living this way???

    I don't know about you, but in our county, around the time of the Annual County Fair, it's common for helicopter pilots/photographers to go around and take Ariel shots of individual homes, they then go door to door with their digital images trying to sell them to the home owners ($140 was the price last year).

    My cousin purchased the one of his property specifically because it had 'forms identifiable as human beings and man made structures'. It showed the two of us working on putting his pole building garage (just the holes in the ground with the poles sticking out of them in the photo), while our wives sat on the deck in lounge chairs next to the pool. If it hadn't had the four of us in the photo, he wouldn't have purchased it.

    This law would have resulted in lost sales that the helicopter pilot/photographer would have had to sue the state to get back... I mean that's what you do when someone prevents you from earning the revenue you think you should get, right, you sue them because you 'would have made more money if not for the stupid laws passed'....

    These guys use cameras, so they must be covered by some **AA somewhere, how come there no meddling industry group of parasitic middlemen pushing back and preventing this law?

    Will nobody think of the poor helicopter pilots?

    link to this | view in thread ]

  46. identicon
    JEDIDIAH, 22 Feb 2013 @ 10:11am

    Re: Re: Is it about mapping or peeping?

    There might even be a law that already covers this sort of concern. Perhaps it needs a little modernizing. Perhaps it doesn't need to be altered at all.

    A new law is probably neither necessary or constructive.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  47. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 22 Feb 2013 @ 10:41am

    Re: Re: Is it about mapping or peeping?

    As a civil designer, no roads could be built or mended under a law like this...

    link to this | view in thread ]

  48. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 22 Feb 2013 @ 10:59am

    Re:

    Speaking of Govt, isn't this the way ALL totalitarian regimes come to power, they claim Openness will harm and that ONLY they(Govt pukes) can save the day...

    link to this | view in thread ]

  49. identicon
    Mike, 22 Feb 2013 @ 11:15am

    Re: How about the poor helicopter pilots/photographers...

    Hear Hear!

    link to this | view in thread ]

  50. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 22 Feb 2013 @ 11:37am

    Politicians aren't supposed to be so isolated from the outside world that bills like this make sense to them. Maybe term limits need to be tightened up a bit?

    link to this | view in thread ]

  51. icon
    John Fenderson (profile), 22 Feb 2013 @ 11:40am

    Re: Re: Re: Is it about mapping or peeping?

    I know that in my area, there is existing law to cover this. It works like so: you can peep all you want, so long as you are doing so from a place that you're allowed to be. If you're walking down the sidewalk and can see a beautiful naked woman through a window left unshuttered, you're legally within your rights to stand and stare (or photograph) all you want. With flying things, the airspace a few hundred feet above your property is still considered your property, so nobody could legally hover a helicopter low over your yard or peep into your windows that way. However, above a certain height, it's all legal.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  52. identicon
    Davey, 22 Feb 2013 @ 11:48am

    You forgot to mention that the bill came from one of NH's vanishing breed of Republican legislatures. I realize this was a foregone conclusion, but still....

    link to this | view in thread ]

  53. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 22 Feb 2013 @ 12:11pm

    Re: Really?

    Yep, the United States is falling apart and...hey, there's some crippled athlete I never heard of in South Africa who killed his girlfriend! Gotta focus on the important things, you know.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  54. icon
    gorehound (profile), 22 Feb 2013 @ 1:26pm

    Another Republican and another Loser Bill.I for one really dislike the Republican Party.Before I even looked up this on the Net I knew this dog would come from their mouth.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  55. icon
    Matthew Cline (profile), 22 Feb 2013 @ 1:30pm

    in which Barbara Streisand sued a photographer for taking an aerial photograph of her house, as part of a project to photograph the entire California coastline from a helicopter (to study the impact of erosion). It was crazy to think of that as a privacy violation, and the court clearly agreed, siding with the photographer over Streisand.
    Wasn't Streisand's issue that her house was labelled as being her house, rather than it being anonymous like all the other photos?

    link to this | view in thread ]

  56. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 22 Feb 2013 @ 2:36pm

    Re: Re:

    If it was that easy I don't know why the US just didn't make a law making illegal to Russians and Chinese to keep spy satelites up there pointing to the US.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  57. identicon
    Anonymous Coward, 22 Feb 2013 @ 5:11pm

    Seems to me that this wouldn't stand on constitutional grounds. Neither US nor New Hampshire constitutions. If you can see the plane overhead, you don't have an expectation of privacy.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  58. identicon
    Glenn, 22 Feb 2013 @ 5:29pm

    Uhhh...

    Did the IQ of the entire state of New Hampshire just drop 10 points? (well, you voted for these guys)

    link to this | view in thread ]

  59. identicon
    Silly, 22 Feb 2013 @ 6:45pm

    Our great state of NH clearly has a few nut jobs in office if they've got nothing better to worry about. I'm a bit embarassed for my own state over this one!

    link to this | view in thread ]

  60. icon
    Bergman (profile), 23 Feb 2013 @ 3:46am

    Re:

    If a cop decides he dislikes you shooting video, picks you up off the ground and drops you, the moment of freefall would allow him to arrest you for a class A misdemeanor if your camera were still on.

    If this passes, you can bet that sooner or later some cop will do exactly that.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  61. identicon
    special interesting, 23 Feb 2013 @ 5:51am

    This bill would reduce the intelligence gathering ability of the average citizen and would not increase privacy at all since all the spying the public is worried about is by the government.

    Now if this legislation would be modified to NOT restrict any citizens photographic efforts on or off the ground but only be applied to DoD, FBI, DHS, IRS, EPA etc. and that these agencies cannot obtain them from citizens either. Then it would have some teeth and take a bite out of big brother so to speak. Not sure how the state vs. federal law would clash. Hobbling these agencies is what we need do in light of all the weird legislation that the current crop of lawmakers produce. Dreaming about it nice. Doing something would be better.

    This law, as written, would also reduce the possible eventual increase of public commons. Increasing the public commons increases the average cultural intelligence of the citizenry.

    I once heard that to take any picture from orbit you needed government permission. Once you flew above 100 miles or something like that. Repealed? Searched, no luck.

    I think this is a ignorant voter problem of voting for ignorant politicians. Writing bad law makes bad legislation makes for bad things to happen. Want good things to happen. NH voters must be related to IL voters.

    My post on Illinois politics: (don't like to repeat things)
    http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20130219/10065822029/illinois-politician-seeks-to-outlaw-a nonymous-comments-allow-anonymous-gun-ownership.shtml#c631

    link to this | view in thread ]

  62. identicon
    Me, 23 Feb 2013 @ 10:15am

    Re:

    You do realize this is a STATE LAW being proposed not FEDERAL. The STATE of NH has nothing to do with the FBI, CIA or NSA.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  63. identicon
    JG, 23 Feb 2013 @ 12:03pm

    Re: Is it about mapping or peeping?

    Spying is already illegal - you are not allowed to set a "ground supported" tripod up to video your neighbor either. There is a growing hobby of flying by video (FPV - first person view) that allows people to pilot their RC aircraft via a video camera and a wireless transmitter. This provides flying enthusiasts a way to experience flight without the cost of obtaining a pilots certificate (many thousands of $) as well as an airplane (which are also prohibitively expensive thanks to our government).

    This type of legislation is totally unnecessary and outlaws something that's already illegal - with a net cast wide enough to ensnare regular everyday hobbyists.

    link to this | view in thread ]

  64. identicon
    special interesting, 23 Feb 2013 @ 1:51pm

    You are totally right that federal and state laws are different. No contest.

    The dream I had for my proposal to revise state legislation on satellite or aerial photographing, in favor of the citizens use and limiting government use, would definitely clash and even contradict federal law but that in itself is a kind of state level civil disobedience that is not unprecedented. Example: the pot drug law now being written to legalize or decriminalized in several states directly clash with federal law.

    Using or even abusing drugs is like a LIFESTYLE VIOLATION hurting no one and only possibly themselves. My view is... Don't waste tax dollars there isn't any left for extended accommodations of ridiculous mandatory sentencing rules which needs a huge unbiased overhaul with only violent offenders at the top of the list and file sharing not even making an entry. The current drug sentencing is the same a the RIAA and MPA fostering claims of millions of dollars in fines and jail terms for parking ticket or less offenses.

    This is kind of off topic but illustrates the an example of the progression of civil to state disobedience leading hopefully to real federal law reform. Good luck as many have given their livelihoods and freedom to such causes.

    Note: Drugs are bad for you. Stay away from them.

    link to this | view in thread ]


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