Court Says Google Doesn't Have A First Amendment Right To Drop A Site From Its Search Results
from the that's-not-good dept
About a decade ago, we wrote about a series of silly lawsuits against Google in which search engine optimizers sued Google because their search engine ranking sucked. All of these lawsuits went nowhere fast. The reason why seems fairly straightforward: it's Google's search engine, and it gets to decide how its algorithm works. Having the courts come in and start mucking with that gets problematic fast.While I thought those kinds of cases went out of style a decade ago, apparently another SEO firm, called e-ventures, sued Google after the company called e-ventures' site "pure spam" and removed it from the Google Index. This is a level of punishment that Google has been known to slap on really egregious and sketchy SEO tactics. Google takes a pretty hard line on really scammy tactics, and even once famously banned BMW's website for spammy techniques.
Apparently, at some point, Google's web spam team decided that e-ventures was spamming as well, and removed its website. The company sued under a variety of theories, but mainly claims that it did nothing that violated any of Google's stated rules -- and furthermore that Google was misleading in some of its public statements about what it will and won't remove from the web, as well as how it alerts people to those removals. Google hit back with two responses in a motion to dismiss. First, it said that it's protected under CDA 230 for removing content and second that the choices it makes on how the search results are ranked are protected by the First Amendment.
Somewhat surprisingly, the district court has rejected both of these arguments. This is troubling for a few reasons, as we'll explain here.
First: the CDA 230 claim is a different one than we normally talk about with CDA 230. Normally we're focused on CDA 230(c)(1), which talks about a service provider not being treated as the publisher of content from users. Here, no one denies that this is about Google's own search engine and own actions. But Google is pointing to a different part of the law, sometimes known as the "Good Samaritan" clause in CDA 230(c)(2)(A), which says that no provider shall be held liable for "any action voluntarily taken in good faith to restrict access to or availability of material...." This was designed to actually encourage sites to take down sketchy or "obscene" content. Basically, it's saying that if you decide to take down some content you deem to be obscene it does not remove your Section 230 immunity, and it doesn't mean you're now required to take down content other people find obscene. Google's argument is that this applies to search removals as well, and since it's making a good faith effort to remove content it finds objectionable, it's protected from liability.
This argument seems pretty strong within the context of Section 230, but the court doesn't buy it, though it's reasons are kind of odd:
The CDA statutory immunity is an affirmative defense which plaintiff is not required to negate in its Complaint. The plain language of the CDA only provides immunity for actions “voluntarily taken in good faith.”... While the CDA defense may properly be considered if it is apparent from the face of the complaint, that is not the situation in this case. Here, plaintiff has included allegations within its Second Amended Complaint that Google failed to act in good faith when removing its websites from Google’s search results.But that seems to wipe away much of CDA 230(c)(2)(A). So long as the plaintiff claims that a content removal is in "bad faith" you lose the immunity? That can't be right... but the court says it's fine for now.
Perhaps the bigger issue, though, is the First Amendment claim. Again, the court rejects Google's arguments, and tries to thread the needle carefully. It says that it agrees that Google's search rankings are protected by the First Amendment, but that the real issue here is not the actual search rankings, but rather the statements Google made about why it removes some sites.
While a claim based upon Google’s PageRanks or order of websites on Google’s search results may be barred by the First Amendment, plaintiff has not based its claims on the PageRanks or order assigned to its websites. Rather, plaintiff is alleging that as a result of its pages being removed from Google’s search results, Google falsely stated that e-ventures’ websites failed to comply with Google’s policies.... Google is in fact defending on the basis that e-ventures’ websites were removed due to e-ventures’ failure to comply with Google’s policies.... The Court finds that this speech is capable of being proven true or false since one can determine whether e-ventures did in fact violate Google’s policies. This makes this case distinguishable from the PageRanks situation. Therefore, this case does not involve protected pure opinion speech, and the First Amendment does not bar the claims as pled in the Second Amended Complaint.This feels like the strongest point the court has, but it still feels pretty weak. Google's policies include some basic catch-alls, saying that it can choose to remove search results based on "policies." That is, it can basically decide what it wants in the search results. And that seems perfectly reasonable. It seems dangerous to think that courts can tell a website what must be included in their search engine.
The court also rejects another First Amendment argument in a way that also seems problematic -- saying that while "editorial judgment" is protected by the First Amendment, anti-competitive motives are not:
While publishers are entitled to discretion for editorial judgment decisions, plaintiff has alleged that Google’s reason for banning its websites was not based upon “editorial judgments,” but instead based upon anti-competitive motives.... Further, a fact published maliciously with knowledge of its falsity or serious doubts as to its truth is sufficient to overcome the editorial judgment protection afforded by the Constitution....Two thoughts on this: first, the idea that Google is removing an SEO company's websites because of anti-competitive reasons seems ludicrous on its face. I mean, Google links heavily to a number of actual direct competitors all the time. It's beyond reason to suggest that it would target a small no-name SEO firm. Second, again, this semantic setup gives a massive out on the First Amendment. Just claim anything is not "editorial judgment" but "anti-competitive motives" and suddenly the First Amendment issue gets tossed aside?
The court also lets motions around trademark, unfair practices and tortious interference move forward, but they're basically rehashes of the points above. The only count it dismisses is a defamation claim, which was a clear nonstarter.
While the ruling doesn't mean that e-ventures will succeed overall, since these issues can be debated again in more detail as the case moves forward, it seems likely that Google may try to appeal the basis for these denials. No matter what you think of Google as an entity, having courts tell it what can and cannot be in its index seems very dangerous.
Thank you for reading this Techdirt post. With so many things competing for everyone’s attention these days, we really appreciate you giving us your time. We work hard every day to put quality content out there for our community.
Techdirt is one of the few remaining truly independent media outlets. We do not have a giant corporation behind us, and we rely heavily on our community to support us, in an age when advertisers are increasingly uninterested in sponsoring small, independent sites — especially a site like ours that is unwilling to pull punches in its reporting and analysis.
While other websites have resorted to paywalls, registration requirements, and increasingly annoying/intrusive advertising, we have always kept Techdirt open and available to anyone. But in order to continue doing so, we need your support. We offer a variety of ways for our readers to support us, from direct donations to special subscriptions and cool merchandise — and every little bit helps. Thank you.
–The Techdirt Team
Filed Under: cda 230, first amendment, free speech, good samaritan, rankings, search engine, search results, seo, spam, web spam
Companies: e-ventures, google
Reader Comments
Subscribe: RSS
View by: Time | Thread
Schoolyard Courtroom
[ link to this | view in thread ]
In seems that Google's error was in their response, in that they were claiming protection under the law where they shouldn't have. Doesn't mean the will lose the case, but the law is the law. Hey, the gloves didn't fit, so the case was decided.
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Why? Isn't that what courts are for: to determine when a certain behavior breaks the law and tell people who are breaking it to stop? Isn't that literally the most basic function of the court system--and now you're saying it's "very dangerous"?
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Bad faith
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re:
[ link to this | view in thread ]
this sounds about as big a stitch up as the entertainment industries 'good faith' removal of material that they have no right to touch!!
[ link to this | view in thread ]
But wait...there is more...
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Why not?
The Law, through DMCA and Right to be Forgotten, already tells Google what cannot be in its index. So why not tell it what can be there, too?
Just to make it clear, I consider DMCA, RtbF, as well as this ruling, bullshit of the highest order. But if they can order Google to take stuff down, it's not much of a stretch to ordering it to keep stuff up.
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Well, that's because they know how the MAFIAA will respond, soon enough. If the judge's thinking holds all the way up the judicial ladder, then Google need only pit 230(c)(1) against 230(c)(2)(A), like so: "Sorry, rightsholder, but the courts have told us we aren't permitted to omit these search results, as that would be anti-competitive to our Music Services, doncha know?" (If it's not already around, G-Tunes will be released soon enough, this being all the incentive they need.)
Hilarity will ensue, and many lawyers will get rich(er).
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Motion to Dismiss
All the judge is basically saying is that if you squint and tilt your head sideways they might have a case. That's all they need to survive a motion to dismiss.
It might not be likely, but it's possible that Google maliciously removed this company from their search results and erroneously accused them of breaking one or more of Google's policies as the reason for that removal.
Because it might be true, he can't dismiss the case at this stage. This doesn't mean that they are right and Google's wrong, just that it's too early in the process to decide that.
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Motion to Dismiss
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Why not? Not much of a stretch
> it's not much of a stretch to ordering it to keep stuff up.
Coming soon . . .
It's not much of a stretch to order Google to keep certain viewpoints up, and remove contrary viewpoints.
Brought to you by Your Friends at The Ministry Of Truth.
Learn Newspeak today! It prevents Thoughtcrime.
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Re: Motion to Dismiss
[ link to this | view in thread ]
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Re: Re: Motion to Dismiss
Juries decide based on the evidence presented in the case. It's up to their lawyers to introduce the necessary evidence. If a juror lacks the mental capacity to understand such evidence, that's also part of the jury selection process to get them removed.
If you don't like the above process, feel free to submit a friend of the court brief pointing out any additional evidence that should have been presented. Or shut up.
[ link to this | view in thread ]
We reserve the right to refuse service to anyone.
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Re: Motion to Dismiss
The important thing to note is that the motion to dismiss is basically at the beginning of the process, and a trial (which wouldn't happen anyway because Google would settle to avoid precedent they don't like, and might cause them to settle without even trying for a motion for summary judgment) is waaaaaaaaay down the line and an uncertain possibility.
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Re: Re: Re: Motion to Dismiss
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Re: Re: Motion to Dismiss
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Motion to Dismiss
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Compelled speech
The prevailing view is that the government can't do this -- but compelling speech is precisely what it's doing here.
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Motion to Dismiss
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Motion to Dismiss
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Motion to Dismiss
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re:
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Okay, we'll re-index you.
[ link to this | view in thread ]
The First Amendment does not shield fraud.
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Real world example
Me: I run a shady business and I want to place an ad in the Yellow Pages.
Yellow Pages: Sorry, we see that you've scammed people and we choose not to run your ad.
Me: Fine, then I'm suing you for anti-competitive behavior and because my right to run an ad supersedes your right to reject ads in your own book.
When has this ever happened? Can someone find me a case where someone was able to push a lawsuit against the Yellow Pages for not running their ad?
Then how is this any different besides the usual "on the computer"?
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re:
http://tinyurl.com/glwcobf
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Re:
But, but, but... business rights!
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Real world example
Yellow Pages: Sorry, as we clearly state to the public, we don't allow ads for illegal products, such as pizzas made from dog meat.
Me: But I don't use dog meat!
Yellow Pages: We didn't say you do, exactly (wink, wink). By the way, we do allow ads from Pizza Hut, in which we also happen to own stock.
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Schoolyard Courtroom
Google publicly states that it removes sites for certain shady things. It removed our site, so people will assume we have done those shady things even though there's no proof. That's uncompetitive, since we make money by breaking Google's algorithm without breaking their rules.
That's alleged to be Defamation (by inference), violate the Lanham Act (false statements in commerce), Florida Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act (deceptive statements), and to be Tortious Interference (I think because customers can't manually type a url?).
So in this instance Google's first amendment right to remove sites isn't being denied (though that defense was rejected), it's whether removing a site makes an implied statement about that site because of their help documentation. They need to revise those documents (I suggest something like "screw you all") and then they can continue to delist spammers that aren't quite using known methods to game the system.
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Corporations are not Citizens
As Corporations are NOT PEOPLE, they are not protected by any provision in the Bill of Rights. This is the insanity of all laws which try to give Corporations 'pseudo-human' rights. Corporations are nothing but businesses. The only beings which benefit from the Constitution are those citizens which operate within the employment OF the Corporation.
While Corporations do have a quasi-protective status under many U.S. laws, they are not, per-se, protected by the Constitution. As no corporation can be 'enslaved', 'imprisoned' or 'executed', they are not people. They are a dissolvable business. This is why that in times of 'egregious corporate behavior', the 'Veil-Can-Be-Parted', and the individual executives (and sometimes, lower-level employees) can be audited, arrested and punished. Clearly, the courts see it for what it is - a business, sometimes a bad business, that is operated and controlled BY PEOPLE.
Ask yourself, if a Corporation (of your choice) today started to execute personnel via firing squad on their 10th anniversary with the company, would the corporation be imprisoned, or would the executives? There is your 'litmus test'. Corporations are not privy to the Constitution, period.
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Google algorithms will set you free
..."
Yes, their business dies if they (get caught) interfere with factual results.
[ link to this | view in thread ]
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re:
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Poor judge doesn't realize what this is about.
So Google never considered E-vultures to be important enough to send them a cease and desist letter, and just blocked them. Kicking a piss-stinking vagrant out of the front doorway of your bodega in the morning isn't restricting trade. In fact trade doesn't happen until he leaves.
This is likely about E-ventures making hay for marketing purposes, and using the court as a venue for generating publicity. Poor dumb judge...
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Motion to Dismiss
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re:
http://copyright.nova.edu/google-suit/
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Motion to Dismiss
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Re:
Back to the lawbooks for you: The existence of a lesser competitor doesn't erase charges of monopoly, pal.
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Motion to Dismiss
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Re: Re:
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Re: Real world example
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Corporations are not Citizens
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Google algorithms will set you free
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Re: Schoolyard Courtroom
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Re:
[ link to this | view in thread ]
"nothing that violated any of Google's stated rules"
I'm not even a lawyer and even I know that something to the tone of:
"We may terminate or suspend your account at any time, at our own sole discretion, for any or no reason, with or without notice" just belongs in any remotely professional Terms of Service.
Precisely because of stupid lawsuits like this.
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: "nothing that violated any of Google's stated rules"
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Corporations are not Citizens
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Re: "nothing that violated any of Google's stated rules"
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re:
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Re: Corporations are not Citizens
Golly gee, no! When did that start? Thanks for letting us all know!
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Re: Re: Corporations are not Citizens
[ link to this | view in thread ]
TLDR:
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: The First Amendment does not shield fraud.
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Re: Re: Re: Corporations are not Citizens
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Corporations are not Citizens
If it's intentional trolling, then that's perfect.
If you're actually trying to convince people that your argument concerning a given topic is more rational and logical than theirs is, well... you either need to change something, or learn to enjoy self-righteous frustration and the self-pitying feeling that your genius is going unrecognized and unappreciated.
Of course, there's always Clozaril supplemented with benzodiazepines.
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Re:
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Motion to Dismiss
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Re:
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Corporations are not Citizens
Wait. So, you know the identity of the anonymous commentator you're responding to? I'd really like to know how you determined that.
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Corporations are not Citizens
I can't identify the regular ACs absolutely on every occasion, but I can usually classify them as belonging to a particular subgroup of commenters (groups and subgroups being personally defined, but consistent).
Luckily, the handful of AC's that can be easily mixed up are not just in the same classification subgroup, they're so similar in the nature of their perspectives and opinions that it really doesn't matter who's who. For all practical purposes, they're socially and functionally identical (if not out-n-out sock-puppets). I'm not really responding to individuals when I reply to not-even-wrong, 'had me, lost me, drove-me to the other side' comments. In those cases, I'm responding to archetypes.
In this case, there are a few relatively new (& one or two who've been around for a while, but intermittently) commenters whose tone and argumentative cadence are noticeably similar, but used at different scales: there's 'anarcho-authoritarian pedantry', and then there's 'pedantry hype-man'.
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Corporations are not Citizens
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Rules be darned
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Corporations are not Citizens
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Simple way to gut the Gordian Knot, you just...
There are very few queries that don't get at least 10 pages of results, most give me 100's of pages of results.
And.. before anyone tries to correct the use of "gut" above, I'm pondering on when I'll be gutting my beasties for the freezer. Need to do this soon as we're down to our last roast now.
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Re: Re:
[ link to this | view in thread ]
Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Motion to Dismiss
[ link to this | view in thread ]
[ link to this | view in thread ]