Should You Have Any 4th Amendment Rights In An Airport?
from the seems-kind-of-important dept
For many years, we've written about the craziness of the so-called "border search exception" to the 4th Amendment, in which the US government has insisted that the 4th Amendment doesn't apply at the border, and thus it's allowed to search people at the border. The initial reasoning was -- more or less -- that at the border, you're not yet in the country, and thus the 4th Amendment doesn't apply yet. But that's expanded over time -- especially in the digital age. Perhaps, back when people just had clothes/books/whatever in their luggage, you could understand the rationale for allowing a search, but today, when people carry laptops and handheld electronic devices that basically store their whole lives, the situation is a lot scarier. Unfortunately, (with just a few small exceptions) the courts have simply taken the historical ability to search luggage at the border and expanded it to cover electronic devices. Then, things got even more ridiculous, when Homeland Security decided that anywhere that's within 100 miles of the border could be "close enough" to count as a "border search," making the "border search exception" apply. That's... messed up.
There's now a case in the 4th Circuit that shows how this is expanding even further, and on Monday we joined with the Cause of Action Institute and the Committee for Justice to file an amicus brief in the case of Hamza Kolsuz (the ACLU has also filed an amicus brief). Kolsuz had his phone searched under a "border search exception" -- but here's the thing: He was in the process of leaving the country, not entering it. A regular bag search turned up handgun parts in his checked luggage, for which he was arrested. After that, his iPhone was seized and searched without a warrant. Remember, just a few years ago, the Supreme Court ruled that you need a warrant to search a mobile phone in the Riley case. But here there was none.
Law enforcement tried to get around this by claiming that since Kolsuz was at the airport, the search of his phone should count as a border search exception. But that's crazy. Unfortunately, the district court accepted this reasoning -- and now the case is on appeal. We signed onto this amicus brief for a variety of reasons, but a big one is that, as journalists, protecting sources and documents is important. We shouldn't be subject to warrantless searches of our work every time we just happen to be in an airport. As the brief notes:
The District Court erred in denying Mr. Kolsuz's Motion to Suppress and this Court should reverse and remand for a new trial. First, while the border search doctrine constitutes a narrow exception to the otherwise unequivocal Fourth Amendment requirement that the government obtain a warrant to conduct a search, the governmental interests that justify this narrow border search exception were not in play when the Defendant's smartphone was searched incident to his arrest, and this exception therefore cannot be used to justify the search here. The fact that Mr. Kolsuz was arrested and his phone seized at an airport--the equivalent of a border--does not change this case from one that fits squarely within Riley v. California... to one that is suddenly part of a narrow exception of cases justified by the sovereign's customs enforcement rules.
The Court should see this search for what it was: a month-long, detailed, forensic search to gather evidence against Mr. Kolsuz for use in a trial on the very charges for which he was arrested. Since the search here was not actually a border search, the border search exception cannot save it.
Second, the United States essentially seeks a mechanical application of a Fourth Amendment exception even where the interests that justify the exception were not implicated in this case. The dangers of such a mechanical application are readily apparent. People traveling into and out of the United States routinely cross with smartphones or computers that contain the equivalent of "every piece of mail... every picture... [and] every book" a person has.... These individuals include journalists, lawyers, and business travelers with confidential information typically safeguarded under American jurisprudence. Nevertheless, customs agents purport to have unfettered access to the contents of electronic devices carried by such individuals, without any reasonable suspicion or probable cause of a crime, simply by the fact that the individual wishes to leave or enter the United States. This is not the application of the border search exception that the Supreme Court had in mind when it outlined its narrow purview.
Of course, many of us still find the very idea of a "border search exception" to be nonsensical in the first place. But if it's there, the idea that it could be abused in this manner is even more problematic and concerning. Hopefully the 4th Circuit corrects this injustice. We're proud to sign onto this brief, and hope the court listens.
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Filed Under: 4th amendment, airports, border search, border search exception, hamza kolsuz, privacy, warrants
Reader Comments
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A matter of perspective
As the law sees it it isn't an expansion at all. Just because something is stored in a digital format shouldn't automatically give it more protection that something printed on paper.
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Searching books
We should never have been looking at the text of books or papers. The only search that should be allowed is to determine that it's actually a book, not a weapon or smuggling-container disguised as one. The same for electronics: there's no excuse to be reading the data.
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Where exactly is that Border?
Since I live near the coast of the Chesapeake Bay, am I in the country or not? Or am I in that nebulous 100 to 103 mile "Constitution Free" zone (that is still governed by US law but not the constitution)?
How can someone that is covered by US law that is granted by the power of the constitution not be covered by the constitution when it comes to the non-LEO rights?
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So perhaps they should ring the country at one or both of these two distances with their respective agents and let them tread water until they can find someone to search.
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I wonder....
How would that EVER be legal?
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Re: Searching books
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Re: Where exactly is that Border?
Shut up, pay your taxes, and hope we never come for you.
- The US government
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Once he was under arrest, he was no longer leaving the country - that's when they searched his phone.
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The US Constitution does not have territorial limits built into it, those have been created by the courts. It is a violation of federal law (Title 18, Chapter 13, Sections 241-242) to violate the rights protected by the Constitution (as well as statutes) under color of law. Doing so alone and unarmed is punishable by a year in federal prison. Doing so with two or more people or with the threat of a dangerous weapon involved increases the punishment to ten years in prison -- a felony by the standard both state and federal governments use to determine such things.
Federal courts and many state courts have ruled that mere possession of a dangerous weapon while committing a crime -- even if the victim never knows the criminal had the weapon -- adds the with-a-weapon enhancement automatically.
Tl;dr: Every time an agent of the US government acts like the Constitution doesn't exist at the border, they became a felon -- but the government didn't see any need to prosecute itself, and ignored the crime.
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Re: I wonder....
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But.. I guess that ship has sailed - I, for one, do not welcome my new authoritarian overlords and hope they burn in a pool of fire and shit.
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So, which "rights" are in effect?
so one is ok but the other is not, Both should be the same, you can do one or both; Not in conflict with each other.
Both are "rights," the odd part is the Fourth is as written, immigration, no so much.
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Re: A matter of perspective
When you can carry your entire home and 3 cars in a handbag, then maybe you'll have a point. For now, the exception only made sense because of the limited amount of stuff that was being searched.
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They are doing their best not to have to commute for that in future.
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It SHOULD be, we should have never allowed search and seizure of *documents* and by extension *electronic data* at the border to begin with. There's no reasonable argument for security or safety of passengers or the country as a whole for doing so without cause (and a warrant).
But that genie is already out of the bottle, thanks to the courts, so no, it's no stretch at all of the current practices.
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Re: Re: A matter of perspective
Are you referring to the amicus brief? If so that's just the opinion of special interest groups. It has no legal authority.
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Re: So, which "rights" are in effect?
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Keep in mind that the Border Patrol now routinely stops and searches people who are not at an airport, are not at a border, but are merely within 100 miles of the border.
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If, for intance, we can't inspect containers at an airport someone could bring in a plant, animal, disease, etc., that decimates the eco-system or kills people.
But, the damn phones. They contain too much information and there's almost no protection of the information in them at any meaningful level past encryption. We've approached privacy in this country completely backwards. We should have put laws in place that everything is protected, period. Instead, we chose the alternative, basically anything you can get your hands on is yours to do with as you please.
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Abolish the TSA
When they don't even perform as well as the previous security (this is fact - Red Team exercises manage to get past their own security nearly twice as often as they used to bypass pre-TSA security) and literally nobody likes them, it's a wonder they've managed to survive this long.
But, in truth, only corporate pressure on Congress is going to finally drive a stake in the TSA. So I'm doing my part: prior to the TSA, I took about 25-30 commercial flights. I was 13 when 9/11 happened, and I'm 30 now. I've flown ONCE since then, and the experience was so bad, I've vowed never to fly again until the TSA is abolished.
If more people did the same, the airline industry would be forced to act on our behalf and lobby congress to abolish the TSA, too. With that kind of pressure, this could actually happen.
And...given than I live in Alabama and I want to visit Seattle for the third time before I'm 40, it'd be really nice if you could all join in. Thanks :)
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Citizenship is not a one-way street.
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Sure, it doesn't happen often, but the fact is, if that illegal wasn't in the country, that 14 year old girl wouldn't have been raped (unless of course you think some other US citizen would have stepped up and raped her.
So why do you support children rapists?
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Maybe NYC can get DHS to do stop and frisk and eliminate 2 birds with one search.
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Re: Re: Re: A matter of perspective
Whether that applies to searches at the border may not be settled law, but if this makes it to the Supremes, I know which way I'd bet.
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Assuming complete sincerity, it seems they want 100% perfect security which is impossible. If it were possible the side effects would be undesirable.
However, the attempts at security seem less than competent. It could be that the intent is just to collect the power to be able to do these things for some later purposes.
A push for "extreme security" might be preferable to fixing or addressing the conditions that create the need for this security. This is a basic redirection: commit acts that have some negative consequence (often predictable) - instead of stopping the acts or dealing with the consequence, translate the blow-back into a form someone else suffers for.
It's probably a combination of all three. None of three motives or any combination has any real chance of any positive ultimate outcome, for the populace or the "security enthusiasts".
-OA
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What exactly is the point of a national border, if we are not longer recognizing our own border in regards to constitutional laws. Expanding on that line of thought, why are we deporting people from Mexico if we, again, no longer recognize the borders of the United States? If there is a 100 mile exception to Constitutional law, and presumably at airports now, then by proxy, any person that is undocumented that is within 100 miles of a "border" or that is in an airport, thus cannot be legally deported.
One shouldn't read a law one way in one situation, and another way in another situation.
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Color a map of the U.S. with its constitution-free zones, and it will look like an X-ray of final-stage tuberculosis.
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100 miles = 100 meters?
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just too damn hard for govt to follow the law
the 4th amendment is very clear, "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized."
a phone is "an effect", no specific warrant, no search.
as long as people don't resist, the tyrany will continue.
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Response to: Anonymous Coward on Mar 22nd, 2017 @ 9:59am
Presenting yourself at tge border going in either direction is a question of security and national interests.
Put it another way. If they can search his bag and they can give him tge rubber glove treatment tgen there is no logical reason why the phone should be magically out if bounds.
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Sure, those things don't happen often, but the fact is, if those people were not allowed in the country, the crimes committed by them would not happen.
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Re: just too damn hard for govt to follow the law
There's a widespread idea that the Fourth Amendment contains the underlying assumption "any search which is not authorized by a duly-issued warrant is unreasonable", but the text of the amendment does not actually state that, and the courts have not universally held to that as a hard requirement.
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My point wasn't that it is right or wrong, but that it doesn't happen routinely.
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Moral panicking over immigration isn't going to stop it; you've got plenty of home-grown rapists. Remember Steubenville? I haven't forgotten it.
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There, I said it. Stop blaming the actions of a few rabid monsters on entire groups of people.
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Examining the digital stuff of passengers does exactly zero to improve aircraft security.
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That being said, there is a 14 year old girl in Maryland that wouldn't have been raped if this kid wasn't in our country. That is a fact.
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Re: Abolish the TSA
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That's the thing, though. It wasn't a court that authorized the search. Had border agents actually gotten the courts involved by seeking a warrant as required by the 4th Amendment, we wouldn't be having this conversation.
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Seems like people have lots of rights in an airport.
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I provided a link. Here it is again. The checkpoints had become routine.
Granted, it was only causing problems for foreign students. But that was only after stopping everyone and checking to see if they were non-citizens.
There have also been stories posted to Techdirt about people stopped near the southern border. Not while crossing; just driving on the highway NEAR the border. With the border patrol objecting to being filmed. Those stops are also routine.
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Now if you've got a plan to pre-screen men for rape-y tendencies prior to entering the country, let's hear it.
Then extend it to all men. As I said, you've got home-grown rapists, too. Let none escape the arms of justice!
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"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized."
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